0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:30,000 Dear viewer, these subtitles were generated by a machine via the service Trint and therefore are (very) buggy. If you are capable, please help us to create good quality subtitles: https://c3subtitles.de/talk/53 Thanks! 1 00:00:11,150 --> 00:00:13,219 Well, it's a great honor to be invited to 2 00:00:13,220 --> 00:00:15,499 speak to such esteemed 3 00:00:15,500 --> 00:00:18,409 and prestigious hackers as yourselves. 4 00:00:18,410 --> 00:00:21,859 I'm a hacker too, but I hacked DNA. 5 00:00:21,860 --> 00:00:22,860 So 6 00:00:24,080 --> 00:00:26,210 I call this talk forbidden fruit. 7 00:00:33,940 --> 00:00:36,189 Yeah, I work at Harvard 8 00:00:36,190 --> 00:00:38,679 Medical School in Boston and 9 00:00:38,680 --> 00:00:40,659 MIT Biology in Cambridge. 10 00:00:46,510 --> 00:00:48,729 There's a big field called bio 11 00:00:48,730 --> 00:00:51,159 art, and many bio artists 12 00:00:51,160 --> 00:00:53,349 consider me a tool of the state 13 00:00:53,350 --> 00:00:56,079 because I fetishize 14 00:00:56,080 --> 00:00:57,729 molecular biology and 15 00:00:59,140 --> 00:01:01,689 dangerous biotechnology. 16 00:01:01,690 --> 00:01:02,859 But I was at. 17 00:01:02,860 --> 00:01:04,029 I was co-opted. 18 00:01:04,030 --> 00:01:05,949 They used my 19 00:01:05,950 --> 00:01:06,129 one 20 00:01:06,130 --> 00:01:08,349 of my artworks as a poster for their 21 00:01:08,350 --> 00:01:10,449 conference in Winnipeg earlier this 22 00:01:10,450 --> 00:01:12,759 month, and they use terms 23 00:01:12,760 --> 00:01:13,419 like 24 00:01:13,420 --> 00:01:14,420 the 25 00:01:15,400 --> 00:01:17,769 toxic life toxicity, 26 00:01:19,240 --> 00:01:20,589 sociopolitical 27 00:01:20,590 --> 00:01:22,749 ecological landscape, ethical 28 00:01:22,750 --> 00:01:24,999 relationships, bio political 29 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:25,149 and 30 00:01:25,150 --> 00:01:26,799 cultural 31 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:29,349 biotechnology poisoning, 32 00:01:29,350 --> 00:01:31,419 infiltration of biotechnology. 33 00:01:31,420 --> 00:01:33,250 So there is fetishizing. 34 00:01:34,670 --> 00:01:35,670 Something. 35 00:01:51,230 --> 00:01:53,509 There's concerns 36 00:01:53,510 --> 00:01:54,619 about 37 00:01:54,620 --> 00:01:55,069 new 38 00:01:55,070 --> 00:01:57,499 industrial biology tailored to produce 39 00:01:57,500 --> 00:02:00,949 pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals 40 00:02:00,950 --> 00:02:03,079 and the like, but but also 41 00:02:04,760 --> 00:02:05,760 a lot of this. 42 00:02:09,050 --> 00:02:09,469 A lot 43 00:02:09,470 --> 00:02:12,229 of this concern is centered on crops 44 00:02:12,230 --> 00:02:13,429 introduced into the food 45 00:02:13,430 --> 00:02:14,430 supply. 46 00:02:15,590 --> 00:02:16,590 Now 47 00:02:18,560 --> 00:02:20,719 we we've been told what we should 48 00:02:20,720 --> 00:02:23,629 and should not eat since we've been 49 00:02:23,630 --> 00:02:24,709 very small. 50 00:02:24,710 --> 00:02:25,710 I'm sure. 51 00:02:34,880 --> 00:02:36,080 And in the laboratory, 52 00:02:38,720 --> 00:02:40,379 in the laboratory, we have restrictions 53 00:02:40,380 --> 00:02:43,009 we're not supposed to eat, drink, 54 00:02:43,010 --> 00:02:44,010 smoke. 55 00:02:44,580 --> 00:02:46,759 It's it's a kind of 56 00:02:47,780 --> 00:02:49,939 molecular biology is itself a kind 57 00:02:49,940 --> 00:02:51,439 of dietary regime. 58 00:02:56,030 --> 00:02:58,519 But aversion to selected foods 59 00:02:58,520 --> 00:02:59,629 is nothing new. 60 00:03:01,070 --> 00:03:03,079 It's actually the hallmark of human 61 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:06,169 civilization, dietary restrictions. 62 00:03:06,170 --> 00:03:09,169 We we avoid 63 00:03:09,170 --> 00:03:12,169 foods that we consider sacred 64 00:03:12,170 --> 00:03:13,189 and profane. 65 00:03:16,190 --> 00:03:17,190 But some of us, 66 00:03:19,460 --> 00:03:21,619 some of us are genetically 67 00:03:21,620 --> 00:03:24,079 predisposed to 68 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:24,289 to 69 00:03:24,290 --> 00:03:26,419 dietary restrictions because of severe 70 00:03:26,420 --> 00:03:28,429 allergies or because we lack certain 71 00:03:28,430 --> 00:03:29,719 enzymes. 72 00:03:29,720 --> 00:03:32,089 The desaturated sugar in milk 73 00:03:32,090 --> 00:03:34,369 is one of them. If you're not of European 74 00:03:34,370 --> 00:03:36,589 ancestry, usually you can't 75 00:03:36,590 --> 00:03:38,449 digest lactose. 76 00:03:39,470 --> 00:03:41,599 Celiac disease is another example 77 00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:43,849 a combination of two proteins present 78 00:03:43,850 --> 00:03:45,499 in wheat, barley and rye. 79 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:50,400 Cause 80 00:03:53,180 --> 00:03:55,789 an autoimmune disorder in 81 00:03:55,790 --> 00:03:58,189 people who are allergic to 82 00:03:58,190 --> 00:03:59,479 gluten needed foods. 83 00:04:03,630 --> 00:04:06,179 Seafood allergies make up 84 00:04:06,180 --> 00:04:07,180 the. 85 00:04:11,610 --> 00:04:14,489 Including scaly fish are the most common, 86 00:04:14,490 --> 00:04:16,588 potentially life threatening allergies, 87 00:04:16,589 --> 00:04:17,999 at least in the United States. 88 00:04:21,510 --> 00:04:23,459 Peanut allergies, on the other hand, 89 00:04:25,650 --> 00:04:28,529 only affect 0.4 90 00:04:28,530 --> 00:04:30,869 to 0.6 percent 91 00:04:30,870 --> 00:04:31,899 of the population. 92 00:04:31,900 --> 00:04:34,439 And recent studies 93 00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:36,119 suggest that 94 00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:36,479 the 95 00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:38,939 huge response to peanut allergies 96 00:04:38,940 --> 00:04:40,649 in all of the measures that we've taken 97 00:04:40,650 --> 00:04:42,719 to avoid peanut allergies 98 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:44,969 are actually mass psychogenic 99 00:04:44,970 --> 00:04:45,970 illness. 100 00:04:56,940 --> 00:04:58,229 Bulimia nervosa 101 00:04:58,230 --> 00:04:59,670 and and 102 00:05:00,870 --> 00:05:03,269 anorexia nervosa are 103 00:05:04,460 --> 00:05:07,139 are clinically diagnosed pathologies, 104 00:05:07,140 --> 00:05:09,089 they're eating disorders, but 105 00:05:09,090 --> 00:05:09,479 but they 106 00:05:09,480 --> 00:05:09,899 come 107 00:05:09,900 --> 00:05:10,900 from 108 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:13,000 body image. 109 00:05:15,150 --> 00:05:17,789 And so we wonder, 110 00:05:17,790 --> 00:05:18,059 you know, 111 00:05:18,060 --> 00:05:20,579 where this notion of desirable body 112 00:05:20,580 --> 00:05:21,719 image comes from? 113 00:05:21,720 --> 00:05:23,279 The ideal, 114 00:05:23,280 --> 00:05:24,159 uh, 115 00:05:24,160 --> 00:05:26,459 self-image is constructed by whom. 116 00:05:26,460 --> 00:05:27,569 And so 117 00:05:27,570 --> 00:05:28,570 maybe, 118 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:32,250 maybe we should consider. 119 00:05:34,170 --> 00:05:36,029 Maybe we should consider Surgeon 120 00:05:36,030 --> 00:05:38,369 General's health warnings on 121 00:05:38,370 --> 00:05:40,110 Vogue and GQ 122 00:05:41,700 --> 00:05:42,689 to that. 123 00:05:42,690 --> 00:05:44,609 Like if you read this magazine, you may 124 00:05:44,610 --> 00:05:46,079 end up with an eating disorder. 125 00:05:50,250 --> 00:05:50,909 On the other hand, 126 00:05:50,910 --> 00:05:53,429 obesity, even though it's not officially 127 00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:56,129 disease, a disease, it's considered 128 00:05:56,130 --> 00:05:58,109 a serious public health problem. 129 00:05:58,110 --> 00:06:00,119 It's connected with 130 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:00,629 type two 131 00:06:00,630 --> 00:06:03,089 diabetes, sleep 132 00:06:03,090 --> 00:06:06,179 apnea, heart disease, osteoarthritis, 133 00:06:06,180 --> 00:06:07,769 high blood pressure, high blood 134 00:06:07,770 --> 00:06:10,109 cholesterol and certain types of cancer. 135 00:06:16,420 --> 00:06:17,420 But there are 136 00:06:18,970 --> 00:06:20,019 eating disorders 137 00:06:21,700 --> 00:06:22,869 that aren't 138 00:06:22,870 --> 00:06:25,599 caused by allergies or 139 00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:26,859 lack of enzymes. 140 00:06:26,860 --> 00:06:29,319 They're caused by psychological 141 00:06:29,320 --> 00:06:32,259 conditions that are really paralyzing 142 00:06:32,260 --> 00:06:33,519 fear of 143 00:06:34,630 --> 00:06:35,630 of certain foods 144 00:06:36,850 --> 00:06:39,869 and lecturer phobia is fear of chicken. 145 00:06:39,870 --> 00:06:42,099 Um, a Sarah 146 00:06:42,100 --> 00:06:44,529 phobia is fear of sour tasting 147 00:06:44,530 --> 00:06:45,399 stuff. 148 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:46,400 Um, 149 00:06:47,770 --> 00:06:49,509 allium phobia 150 00:06:49,510 --> 00:06:51,179 is fear of garlic. 151 00:06:51,180 --> 00:06:53,649 Um, Majka phobia his 152 00:06:53,650 --> 00:06:54,910 fear of mushrooms. 153 00:07:00,930 --> 00:07:01,799 A phobia not to 154 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:03,539 be confused 155 00:07:03,540 --> 00:07:05,819 with vegetarianism is fear 156 00:07:05,820 --> 00:07:06,820 of meat. 157 00:07:07,890 --> 00:07:09,479 And this one, I'm not even going to try 158 00:07:09,480 --> 00:07:11,909 to pronounce it's fear 159 00:07:11,910 --> 00:07:14,009 of stuff that sticks to the roof of your 160 00:07:14,010 --> 00:07:16,409 mouth like peanut butter and marshmallow. 161 00:07:16,410 --> 00:07:18,719 If people really 162 00:07:18,720 --> 00:07:19,199 are, 163 00:07:19,200 --> 00:07:20,729 people really have problems with this 164 00:07:20,730 --> 00:07:21,730 stuff now. 165 00:07:25,020 --> 00:07:27,779 Guma phobia is fear of flavor. 166 00:07:27,780 --> 00:07:30,179 You can only eat plain rice and 167 00:07:30,180 --> 00:07:31,259 plain pasta. 168 00:07:32,320 --> 00:07:34,769 And in this one 169 00:07:34,770 --> 00:07:36,209 is fear of chopsticks. 170 00:07:39,530 --> 00:07:42,709 There is, in fact, a fear of vegetables. 171 00:07:42,710 --> 00:07:43,800 What kind of phobia? 172 00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:46,699 There's fear of fish 173 00:07:46,700 --> 00:07:49,429 phobia, this fear of cooking. 174 00:07:51,350 --> 00:07:52,879 You can only carry out. 175 00:07:55,030 --> 00:07:56,030 There's 176 00:07:57,560 --> 00:07:59,839 us dry Connor phobia. 177 00:07:59,840 --> 00:08:01,459 That's fear of shellfish. 178 00:08:03,620 --> 00:08:04,879 That's my original picture. 179 00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:07,159 And there's 180 00:08:07,160 --> 00:08:08,300 fear of swallowing. 181 00:08:13,980 --> 00:08:15,839 There's fear of hot 182 00:08:15,840 --> 00:08:17,099 foods, thermo 183 00:08:17,100 --> 00:08:19,170 phobia and. 184 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:26,000 And, of course, 185 00:08:28,350 --> 00:08:29,279 this fear of fast 186 00:08:29,280 --> 00:08:30,659 foods. 187 00:08:30,660 --> 00:08:32,609 But this is not OK, 188 00:08:32,610 --> 00:08:33,808 this is not so far. 189 00:08:33,809 --> 00:08:35,219 Fear of fast foods has not been 190 00:08:35,220 --> 00:08:37,288 clinically diagnosed as psychopaths, a 191 00:08:37,289 --> 00:08:38,788 logical disorder. 192 00:08:38,789 --> 00:08:40,619 We are, however, concerned about mass 193 00:08:40,620 --> 00:08:42,599 produced foods, chemical preservatives, 194 00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:45,079 pesticides, vegetable oils, trans fats, 195 00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:47,369 MSG, high fructose corn sirup 196 00:08:47,370 --> 00:08:48,600 and refined white sugar. 197 00:08:53,520 --> 00:08:55,020 Yes, in 198 00:08:56,400 --> 00:08:58,379 from a global perspective, we consider 199 00:08:58,380 --> 00:09:00,869 very vegetarianism as a religious 200 00:09:00,870 --> 00:09:02,339 practice, 201 00:09:02,340 --> 00:09:03,089 but 202 00:09:03,090 --> 00:09:05,039 often in the western world that can 203 00:09:05,040 --> 00:09:07,319 instead be described as a culturally 204 00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:09,299 inspired eating disorder. 205 00:09:17,870 --> 00:09:18,870 They're good. 206 00:09:25,580 --> 00:09:27,499 We also have to consider 207 00:09:28,880 --> 00:09:31,309 starvation culturally inspired. 208 00:09:31,310 --> 00:09:34,159 Hunger is a culturally inspired 209 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:35,160 eating disorder 210 00:09:37,610 --> 00:09:38,610 right now. 211 00:09:39,650 --> 00:09:41,749 And historically, in 212 00:09:41,750 --> 00:09:43,879 places like Palestine and 213 00:09:43,880 --> 00:09:46,069 Syria, hunger is 214 00:09:46,070 --> 00:09:48,679 going on right now in Darfur, 215 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:51,169 in central Africa. 216 00:10:02,570 --> 00:10:02,989 Sign of 217 00:10:02,990 --> 00:10:05,089 the times in Cambridge, 218 00:10:05,090 --> 00:10:05,839 Massachusetts, 219 00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:07,339 where where 220 00:10:07,340 --> 00:10:09,710 Harvard is and where MIT is, 221 00:10:11,390 --> 00:10:11,659 all 222 00:10:11,660 --> 00:10:13,729 of the regular grocery stores most of 223 00:10:13,730 --> 00:10:16,339 them were, Johnny's food masters 224 00:10:16,340 --> 00:10:19,039 were bought out by a very famous 225 00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:20,040 organic food 226 00:10:21,620 --> 00:10:23,779 chain. And this 227 00:10:23,780 --> 00:10:25,549 famous organic food chain 228 00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:30,019 is an extremely 229 00:10:30,020 --> 00:10:32,149 lucrative multinational industry 230 00:10:32,150 --> 00:10:34,399 with skillful marketing practices 231 00:10:34,400 --> 00:10:36,799 and management strategies and 232 00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:39,239 powerful political lobby. 233 00:10:39,240 --> 00:10:41,749 Um, actually, even though 234 00:10:41,750 --> 00:10:43,129 we don't generally realize 235 00:10:43,130 --> 00:10:44,130 it, 236 00:10:47,300 --> 00:10:50,329 it is possible now to 237 00:10:50,330 --> 00:10:50,659 learn 238 00:10:50,660 --> 00:10:52,729 how to run a multinational 239 00:10:52,730 --> 00:10:54,289 corporation and still go to heaven. 240 00:10:54,290 --> 00:10:55,999 I was just in heaven 241 00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:57,000 was just 242 00:11:02,390 --> 00:11:05,269 one of the targets of the multinational 243 00:11:05,270 --> 00:11:07,819 organic food lobby is Bacillus 244 00:11:07,820 --> 00:11:08,990 Turing against us, 245 00:11:10,100 --> 00:11:12,079 which comes the name comes from Turing 246 00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:14,479 Year Germany, and 247 00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:16,339 it's Bacillus that was discovered there 248 00:11:16,340 --> 00:11:16,819 some time 249 00:11:16,820 --> 00:11:17,809 ago. 250 00:11:17,810 --> 00:11:19,879 Uh, genes from this bacteria are 251 00:11:19,880 --> 00:11:22,429 given to crops 252 00:11:22,430 --> 00:11:24,289 and bugs don't eat them. 253 00:11:25,430 --> 00:11:27,859 Um, now 254 00:11:29,930 --> 00:11:31,129 they've been implicated. 255 00:11:38,270 --> 00:11:39,440 They've been implicated in. 256 00:11:43,580 --> 00:11:45,739 The death of monarch butterflies, 257 00:11:45,740 --> 00:11:47,899 but see insecticides kill 258 00:11:47,900 --> 00:11:49,039 monarch butterflies, too. 259 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:51,650 And if you don't use BTY vegetables, 260 00:11:53,420 --> 00:11:53,779 then 261 00:11:53,780 --> 00:11:55,909 you have to pour a lot of nasty stuff 262 00:11:55,910 --> 00:11:57,139 in the soil 263 00:11:57,140 --> 00:11:59,629 and the the 264 00:11:59,630 --> 00:12:01,729 studies that linked genetically 265 00:12:01,730 --> 00:12:04,849 modified corn with rats were retracted 266 00:12:04,850 --> 00:12:06,710 at the beginning of this month. 267 00:12:08,540 --> 00:12:10,609 There haven't been there's no evidence to 268 00:12:10,610 --> 00:12:12,859 show that the beetle genes 269 00:12:12,860 --> 00:12:15,469 in corn is dangerous to anybody, 270 00:12:15,470 --> 00:12:16,820 rats or human beings. 271 00:12:17,900 --> 00:12:19,129 And for that reason, 272 00:12:20,330 --> 00:12:22,490 organic farmers use 273 00:12:24,470 --> 00:12:25,729 Bacillus turned against us. 274 00:12:25,730 --> 00:12:26,730 It's one of their 275 00:12:28,340 --> 00:12:29,389 these little donuts. 276 00:12:30,950 --> 00:12:33,919 These are these are like compressed 277 00:12:33,920 --> 00:12:36,529 BT spores of the 278 00:12:36,530 --> 00:12:38,769 the bacteria and 279 00:12:38,770 --> 00:12:39,980 and it's one of the 280 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:43,129 one of the one of 281 00:12:43,130 --> 00:12:43,999 the 282 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:46,249 weapons that organic farmers have 283 00:12:46,250 --> 00:12:47,299 against pests. 284 00:12:47,300 --> 00:12:49,210 They, uh, 285 00:12:51,110 --> 00:12:52,110 they 286 00:12:54,020 --> 00:12:56,209 put one of these donuts in the water and 287 00:12:56,210 --> 00:12:58,219 then they spread all over the vegetables 288 00:12:58,220 --> 00:12:59,959 and bugs. Don't eat the organic 289 00:12:59,960 --> 00:13:02,269 vegetables because bacillus 290 00:13:02,270 --> 00:13:04,699 turned gases in organic bacteria 291 00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:06,080 and I guess and 292 00:13:07,250 --> 00:13:09,439 and you can wash your 293 00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:12,409 organic vegetables, but you can't. 294 00:13:12,410 --> 00:13:14,659 There's no way that you can get 295 00:13:14,660 --> 00:13:17,239 all of the bacteria off of your organic 296 00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:19,309 vegetables. And the fact is, ladies and 297 00:13:19,310 --> 00:13:21,559 gentlemen, you eat more 298 00:13:21,560 --> 00:13:23,839 bacillus turning against its genes, 299 00:13:23,840 --> 00:13:26,149 eating organic vegetables than you do 300 00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:28,159 eating. Monsanto corn 301 00:13:30,020 --> 00:13:31,459 I know you don't want to hear this, 302 00:13:34,340 --> 00:13:35,539 but I don't think 303 00:13:36,770 --> 00:13:37,489 that I don't 304 00:13:37,490 --> 00:13:37,669 think 305 00:13:37,670 --> 00:13:38,670 Monsanto 306 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:40,800 is 307 00:13:42,010 --> 00:13:44,270 is a sweet company corporation. 308 00:13:47,810 --> 00:13:50,449 You know, efforts for robust crops 309 00:13:50,450 --> 00:13:52,459 resistant to pests, disease and climate 310 00:13:52,460 --> 00:13:54,919 change, notwithstanding world 311 00:13:54,920 --> 00:13:56,749 agribusinesses answering some pretty 312 00:13:56,750 --> 00:13:59,389 serious, accurate accusations about 313 00:13:59,390 --> 00:14:01,519 shortsighted profit driven 314 00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:04,219 practices such as risky 315 00:14:04,220 --> 00:14:06,649 international monoculture and world 316 00:14:06,650 --> 00:14:08,390 agribusiness and food crops. 317 00:14:10,100 --> 00:14:12,319 The propriety of range 318 00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:14,449 of the genes of rainforest species 319 00:14:14,450 --> 00:14:16,759 and in some cases, human populations. 320 00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:17,959 All of these things are highly 321 00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:20,329 questionable and deserve criticism. 322 00:14:20,330 --> 00:14:22,759 But just for contrast, 323 00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:23,760 let's take a look 324 00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:27,529 at the 325 00:14:27,530 --> 00:14:29,809 really dangerous poisons 326 00:14:29,810 --> 00:14:31,999 that are available in your local organic 327 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:33,000 grocery store. 328 00:14:35,780 --> 00:14:36,780 Don't ever, 329 00:14:39,590 --> 00:14:39,919 don't 330 00:14:39,920 --> 00:14:42,259 ever let your broccoli turn 331 00:14:42,260 --> 00:14:44,539 yellow in the refrigerator because 332 00:14:44,540 --> 00:14:46,729 those are the seed bearing 333 00:14:46,730 --> 00:14:48,979 seed pods flowering seed pods 334 00:14:48,980 --> 00:14:50,209 of broccoli. 335 00:14:50,210 --> 00:14:51,740 They produce 336 00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:55,159 cyanide and inducing 337 00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:58,099 glycosides called glucosinolates. 338 00:14:58,100 --> 00:15:00,589 And these 339 00:15:00,590 --> 00:15:02,719 these turn into cyanide in your 340 00:15:02,720 --> 00:15:05,049 stomach and in 341 00:15:05,050 --> 00:15:06,829 digestive juices. Convert that into 342 00:15:06,830 --> 00:15:09,019 tyrosine, which 343 00:15:09,020 --> 00:15:11,029 interferes with iodine transport. 344 00:15:11,030 --> 00:15:13,519 And so they're called goiter Janick. 345 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:15,620 That mean that is, they can cause Goias. 346 00:15:17,510 --> 00:15:19,700 But it's not just broccoli, 347 00:15:22,670 --> 00:15:25,249 it's it's cabbage. 348 00:15:25,250 --> 00:15:26,250 And. 349 00:15:30,250 --> 00:15:32,800 Turnips and 350 00:15:35,740 --> 00:15:37,389 don't ever, ever 351 00:15:37,390 --> 00:15:40,119 put raw Lima beans on your salad. 352 00:15:40,120 --> 00:15:41,559 There is 353 00:15:41,560 --> 00:15:42,789 a 354 00:15:42,790 --> 00:15:45,399 side cyanogen, a glucose side called 355 00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:46,869 Line Amarin 356 00:15:46,870 --> 00:15:47,870 that 357 00:15:48,520 --> 00:15:50,649 that has the same problem and 358 00:15:50,650 --> 00:15:52,659 other line were in containing vegetables 359 00:15:52,660 --> 00:15:53,660 include 360 00:15:57,700 --> 00:15:58,700 cassava root 361 00:16:00,010 --> 00:16:01,299 bamboo sprouts. 362 00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:09,239 And sweet potatoes, 363 00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:15,509 this is the side of Cyanogen, a 364 00:16:15,510 --> 00:16:16,679 good side structure. 365 00:16:19,860 --> 00:16:21,899 I love Hollander, I learned to like 366 00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:24,069 Hollander in Germany. 367 00:16:24,070 --> 00:16:25,070 But 368 00:16:26,220 --> 00:16:26,759 but 369 00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:28,829 elderberries, of course, are 370 00:16:28,830 --> 00:16:31,089 also extremely poisonous unless you cook 371 00:16:31,090 --> 00:16:32,090 them. 372 00:16:46,420 --> 00:16:48,429 In the organic grocery store, there are 373 00:16:48,430 --> 00:16:50,649 these long rows of 374 00:16:50,650 --> 00:16:51,969 dry goods that you 375 00:16:51,970 --> 00:16:53,469 can buy in bulk. 376 00:16:53,470 --> 00:16:54,069 Right? 377 00:16:54,070 --> 00:16:56,349 Like lima beans, kidney 378 00:16:56,350 --> 00:16:58,689 beans, navy beans. 379 00:16:58,690 --> 00:16:59,889 Well, let me tell you. 380 00:17:02,030 --> 00:17:04,159 Five, as few 381 00:17:04,160 --> 00:17:06,199 as five 382 00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:08,509 organic, raw organic 383 00:17:08,510 --> 00:17:10,729 kidney beans can kill 384 00:17:10,730 --> 00:17:12,889 you. So in those 385 00:17:12,890 --> 00:17:15,318 bins, in those bins, 386 00:17:15,319 --> 00:17:17,149 there's enough in the organic grocery 387 00:17:17,150 --> 00:17:19,098 store. If you were to feed them to people 388 00:17:19,099 --> 00:17:20,959 raw, you could kill the whole city. 389 00:17:22,910 --> 00:17:25,639 That's the stuff I tell hemagglutinin. 390 00:17:27,410 --> 00:17:28,410 And of course, 391 00:17:29,570 --> 00:17:31,759 we've all heard about killer tomatoes, 392 00:17:37,040 --> 00:17:38,929 green tomatoes. In fact, the whole tomato 393 00:17:38,930 --> 00:17:40,939 plant, except for the ripe red fruit, 394 00:17:40,940 --> 00:17:42,259 contained two mateen, 395 00:17:43,310 --> 00:17:45,409 which is another 396 00:17:45,410 --> 00:17:47,079 toxic glycol alkaloid. 397 00:17:49,160 --> 00:17:51,379 People have actually consumed 398 00:17:51,380 --> 00:17:54,049 enough green tomatoes to die, 399 00:17:54,050 --> 00:17:56,569 and the 400 00:17:56,570 --> 00:17:57,920 symptoms include 401 00:18:01,610 --> 00:18:02,599 vomiting, 402 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:05,179 diarrhea, increased heart rate with 403 00:18:05,180 --> 00:18:07,519 subsequent slowing of same 404 00:18:07,520 --> 00:18:09,499 respiratory problems. 405 00:18:09,500 --> 00:18:11,989 Cardiac rhythm is cardiac 406 00:18:11,990 --> 00:18:13,820 arrest and death. 407 00:18:17,570 --> 00:18:19,729 They also contain green tomatoes 408 00:18:19,730 --> 00:18:21,919 and green potatoes also contain 409 00:18:21,920 --> 00:18:24,019 atropine and other dangerous 410 00:18:24,020 --> 00:18:25,020 alkaloid. 411 00:18:26,350 --> 00:18:27,350 Yeah. 412 00:18:33,750 --> 00:18:35,879 The big green 413 00:18:35,880 --> 00:18:38,340 and sprouting potato potatoes contain 414 00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:42,389 substances called so Lenin and 415 00:18:42,390 --> 00:18:44,789 Chow canning these these 416 00:18:44,790 --> 00:18:47,339 substances are not destroyed by cooking, 417 00:18:47,340 --> 00:18:49,169 and there are found in other plants that 418 00:18:49,170 --> 00:18:50,999 are members of the nightshade family, 419 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:53,489 including paprika, eggplant, 420 00:18:53,490 --> 00:18:54,490 peppers. 421 00:18:57,090 --> 00:18:58,090 You scared yet? 422 00:19:01,540 --> 00:19:02,890 Watch out for parsnips. 423 00:19:04,780 --> 00:19:06,369 The skin of parsnips, 424 00:19:07,570 --> 00:19:09,399 especially the where the plant has been 425 00:19:09,400 --> 00:19:12,039 damaged or bruised, contain 426 00:19:13,510 --> 00:19:14,739 substances 427 00:19:14,740 --> 00:19:15,939 called for 428 00:19:15,940 --> 00:19:18,609 a cormorants in these calls, 429 00:19:18,610 --> 00:19:20,709 phyto photo dermatitis there's an 430 00:19:20,710 --> 00:19:22,239 example 431 00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:22,719 of 432 00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:24,879 if you just when you peel your 433 00:19:24,880 --> 00:19:27,039 always peel your parsnips 434 00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:29,109 and your carrots, but don't stick 435 00:19:29,110 --> 00:19:30,339 your hands in the peels. 436 00:19:40,740 --> 00:19:42,930 Now, mushrooms. 437 00:19:49,010 --> 00:19:50,659 A single commonly 438 00:19:50,660 --> 00:19:52,459 available button 439 00:19:52,460 --> 00:19:54,919 mushroom white button mushroom contains 440 00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:57,199 about 300 mg, or what, 441 00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:00,109 three tenths of a gram of 442 00:20:00,110 --> 00:20:02,419 a protein, which is a member of a family 443 00:20:02,420 --> 00:20:03,769 of toxins 444 00:20:03,770 --> 00:20:04,909 of 445 00:20:04,910 --> 00:20:07,189 volatile carcinogens 446 00:20:07,190 --> 00:20:09,919 and rocket fuels called hydrazine. 447 00:20:09,920 --> 00:20:12,229 We use Hydrazine Zone Space Shuttle to 448 00:20:12,230 --> 00:20:13,230 push it around. 449 00:20:15,020 --> 00:20:17,089 All mushrooms contain this. 450 00:20:17,090 --> 00:20:19,579 Only 30 percent of 451 00:20:19,580 --> 00:20:20,599 of 452 00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:22,309 of these hydrazine are destroyed by 453 00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:23,239 cooking. 454 00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:25,489 So if you decide to eat 455 00:20:25,490 --> 00:20:28,189 mushrooms, don't eat them raw and 456 00:20:28,190 --> 00:20:28,489 don't 457 00:20:28,490 --> 00:20:29,599 eat a whole lot of them. 458 00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:34,650 Stocky, 459 00:20:36,120 --> 00:20:38,339 Stocky is associated with 460 00:20:40,740 --> 00:20:43,109 stocky mushroom dirt, dermatitis, 461 00:20:43,110 --> 00:20:45,659 flagellate mushroom dermatitis, mushroom 462 00:20:45,660 --> 00:20:48,809 workers disease and Chiotakis induced 463 00:20:48,810 --> 00:20:50,219 taxidermy. 464 00:20:50,220 --> 00:20:51,220 These 465 00:20:52,890 --> 00:20:53,890 these 466 00:20:55,140 --> 00:20:56,699 are from 467 00:20:56,700 --> 00:20:58,209 eating raw or undercooked. 468 00:20:58,210 --> 00:21:00,279 Chalky and kid 469 00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:02,549 symptoms can appear after about 470 00:21:02,550 --> 00:21:04,829 48 hours after eating raw 471 00:21:04,830 --> 00:21:07,139 brush turkey and can last 472 00:21:07,140 --> 00:21:08,589 for about 10 days. 473 00:21:08,590 --> 00:21:10,799 It is a toxic and not an allergic 474 00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:13,019 reaction, and it's believed to be 475 00:21:13,020 --> 00:21:15,119 the result of the presence of 476 00:21:15,120 --> 00:21:17,519 a starch like polysaccharide called 477 00:21:17,520 --> 00:21:19,109 Linton in. 478 00:21:19,110 --> 00:21:21,209 But one of the more 479 00:21:21,210 --> 00:21:23,489 interesting aspects of Shikaki mushrooms 480 00:21:23,490 --> 00:21:25,169 is that they naturally produce 481 00:21:25,170 --> 00:21:26,339 formaldehyde. 482 00:21:29,490 --> 00:21:30,490 Formaldehyde. 483 00:21:32,490 --> 00:21:34,439 This formaldehyde is destroyed by 484 00:21:34,440 --> 00:21:35,440 cooking. 485 00:21:39,950 --> 00:21:42,140 And apple seeds 486 00:21:43,430 --> 00:21:45,619 and pear seeds and plant it 487 00:21:45,620 --> 00:21:48,529 contain small amounts of 488 00:21:48,530 --> 00:21:50,389 substance called amygdala in which is 489 00:21:50,390 --> 00:21:51,440 another cyanide 490 00:21:53,090 --> 00:21:56,449 containing cyanide inducing substance. 491 00:21:56,450 --> 00:21:58,459 If you make applesauce, don't grind up 492 00:21:58,460 --> 00:22:01,339 your apple, causing your applesauce. 493 00:22:01,340 --> 00:22:04,429 One cup of apple seeds 494 00:22:04,430 --> 00:22:06,709 as an amount equal 495 00:22:06,710 --> 00:22:08,629 to one cup of apple seeds is known to 496 00:22:08,630 --> 00:22:10,040 mean to cause death. 497 00:22:12,490 --> 00:22:14,079 Have you ever wondered why you've never 498 00:22:14,080 --> 00:22:16,239 seen a cashew shell? 499 00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:18,099 The reason why you've never seen the 500 00:22:18,100 --> 00:22:20,169 cashew show is that they're burned in 501 00:22:20,170 --> 00:22:22,029 the field where they pick the cashews, 502 00:22:22,030 --> 00:22:24,189 and if you stand downwind from the fire, 503 00:22:24,190 --> 00:22:25,190 you can die. 504 00:22:26,170 --> 00:22:28,539 Cashews are in the family 505 00:22:28,540 --> 00:22:30,639 of plants that include poison ivy, 506 00:22:30,640 --> 00:22:32,420 poison oak and poison sumac. 507 00:22:34,540 --> 00:22:36,609 And they have 508 00:22:36,610 --> 00:22:38,769 this really nasty substance in the 509 00:22:38,770 --> 00:22:41,239 cashew seed itself, this cashew shell. 510 00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:43,329 It's like this honeycomb stuff 511 00:22:43,330 --> 00:22:45,100 that contains this nasty liquid 512 00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:49,599 called you written all in 513 00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:51,849 and it is so they 514 00:22:51,850 --> 00:22:54,579 are soaked, washed, steamed, 515 00:22:54,580 --> 00:22:57,189 boiled, broiled all these processes 516 00:22:57,190 --> 00:22:59,829 to take away the original 517 00:22:59,830 --> 00:23:00,830 from this 518 00:23:02,470 --> 00:23:03,759 from cashew shells. 519 00:23:03,760 --> 00:23:05,949 And if you are allergic to Poison 520 00:23:05,950 --> 00:23:08,049 Ivy and you happen somehow to eat 521 00:23:08,050 --> 00:23:09,130 raw cashew, 522 00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:11,559 well, you can die. 523 00:23:17,220 --> 00:23:19,229 Mangoes are another plant in the same 524 00:23:19,230 --> 00:23:21,179 family and poison oak, poison sumac, 525 00:23:21,180 --> 00:23:23,399 poison oak, and actually a few 526 00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:25,409 weeks ago in Cambridge, I know someone 527 00:23:25,410 --> 00:23:28,039 who got dermatitis from mango peels. 528 00:23:28,040 --> 00:23:30,149 Mango fruit is good, but the mango peels 529 00:23:30,150 --> 00:23:31,920 are toxic. 530 00:23:35,250 --> 00:23:37,589 And the 531 00:23:37,590 --> 00:23:40,559 toxin in alfalfa sprouts is especially 532 00:23:40,560 --> 00:23:43,199 insidious, it's called convening. 533 00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:45,509 It's an amino acid and 534 00:23:45,510 --> 00:23:47,699 it's an amino acid that's very much like 535 00:23:47,700 --> 00:23:49,869 an amino acid that we use 536 00:23:49,870 --> 00:23:50,969 that 537 00:23:50,970 --> 00:23:53,279 that's in the so-called universal genetic 538 00:23:53,280 --> 00:23:55,589 code. That amino acid is arginine. 539 00:23:55,590 --> 00:23:58,049 And what happens is the body incorporates 540 00:23:58,050 --> 00:24:00,959 Caernarvon gene in the place of arginine. 541 00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:03,569 And so you make all these aberrant, 542 00:24:03,570 --> 00:24:06,599 structurally unusual proteins, 543 00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:08,699 and it causes an autoimmune disorder 544 00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:10,829 in human beings similar to 545 00:24:10,830 --> 00:24:11,830 lupus. 546 00:24:13,110 --> 00:24:14,110 OK. 547 00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:19,829 And if you if you 548 00:24:19,830 --> 00:24:22,469 if you juice yourself off of sprouts, 549 00:24:22,470 --> 00:24:24,539 you concentrate the caravanning, 550 00:24:24,540 --> 00:24:26,460 don't juice your alfalfa sprouts, 551 00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:30,539 even lettuce. 552 00:24:30,540 --> 00:24:32,639 See, even lettuce 553 00:24:32,640 --> 00:24:35,039 contains toxins. 554 00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:36,040 Flavanols 555 00:24:38,040 --> 00:24:40,199 it if 556 00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:43,109 they contain, let's see natural phenolic 557 00:24:43,110 --> 00:24:45,269 glycosides to protect 558 00:24:45,270 --> 00:24:46,619 it against pests. 559 00:24:46,620 --> 00:24:48,389 They're found in many plants. 560 00:24:48,390 --> 00:24:50,309 If you eat a really huge amount of 561 00:24:50,310 --> 00:24:52,589 lettuce and some lettuce, farm 562 00:24:52,590 --> 00:24:55,019 workers in California actually consumed 563 00:24:55,020 --> 00:24:56,159 enough lettuce to get sick. 564 00:24:56,160 --> 00:24:57,689 So if you eat a whole field of lettuce, 565 00:24:57,690 --> 00:24:58,259 you probably 566 00:24:58,260 --> 00:24:59,429 will get sick. 567 00:24:59,430 --> 00:25:00,430 Now. 568 00:25:04,530 --> 00:25:05,730 Have I convinced you 569 00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:10,960 hungry? 570 00:25:18,170 --> 00:25:19,579 There are alternatives. 571 00:25:25,970 --> 00:25:26,749 Plato, I 572 00:25:26,750 --> 00:25:28,579 mean, little kids eat Plato, but Plato 573 00:25:28,580 --> 00:25:30,649 contains Borax, which in Europe 574 00:25:30,650 --> 00:25:32,719 is on a restricted 575 00:25:32,720 --> 00:25:34,369 list in the United States, it's like 576 00:25:34,370 --> 00:25:36,109 permitted somehow, 577 00:25:36,110 --> 00:25:37,789 but it's 578 00:25:37,790 --> 00:25:38,719 not good to eat. 579 00:25:38,720 --> 00:25:39,979 You shouldn't eat Plato. 580 00:25:41,930 --> 00:25:44,049 And there is 581 00:25:44,050 --> 00:25:45,289 a psychopathology. 582 00:25:54,050 --> 00:25:56,059 There is a psychopathology that is fear 583 00:25:56,060 --> 00:25:57,469 of all food. 584 00:25:57,470 --> 00:25:59,209 It's and it's not to be confused with 585 00:25:59,210 --> 00:26:00,169 anorexia. 586 00:26:00,170 --> 00:26:01,640 It's called ciba phobia. 587 00:26:05,550 --> 00:26:06,550 Fear of food. 588 00:26:10,630 --> 00:26:11,630 But now 589 00:26:13,660 --> 00:26:16,089 the most dangerous, 590 00:26:16,090 --> 00:26:17,890 at least, Mythically, 591 00:26:18,940 --> 00:26:21,789 the most poisonous 592 00:26:21,790 --> 00:26:24,549 fruit food 593 00:26:24,550 --> 00:26:26,799 of all is 594 00:26:28,090 --> 00:26:30,189 the tree of knowledge. 595 00:26:30,190 --> 00:26:31,209 So if you 596 00:26:31,210 --> 00:26:32,829 find yourself around a tree of knowledge, 597 00:26:32,830 --> 00:26:34,380 you shouldn't eat, drink, smoke, or 598 00:26:36,700 --> 00:26:38,769 it's not just 599 00:26:38,770 --> 00:26:40,209 the tree of knowledge per se. 600 00:26:40,210 --> 00:26:42,339 It's the tree of knowledge of good and 601 00:26:42,340 --> 00:26:43,749 evil. 602 00:26:43,750 --> 00:26:45,369 It's the forbidden fruit. 603 00:26:45,370 --> 00:26:47,889 It's it's 604 00:26:47,890 --> 00:26:48,970 knowledge of 605 00:26:50,380 --> 00:26:51,430 the best 606 00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:55,929 and the most genius abominable 607 00:26:55,930 --> 00:26:57,279 parts of the human soul. 608 00:26:57,280 --> 00:26:59,289 This is the poison 609 00:27:00,610 --> 00:27:00,909 and 610 00:27:00,910 --> 00:27:01,269 this 611 00:27:01,270 --> 00:27:02,949 battle, 612 00:27:02,950 --> 00:27:05,319 this terrible battle between wisdom 613 00:27:05,320 --> 00:27:07,719 and knowledge that we've undertaken for 614 00:27:07,720 --> 00:27:09,519 throughout human history that's still 615 00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:11,229 going on. We're chopping each other to 616 00:27:11,230 --> 00:27:13,839 pieces over it right now as I speak. 617 00:27:14,890 --> 00:27:17,769 This, of course, has left us 618 00:27:17,770 --> 00:27:18,869 less than divine. 619 00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:26,269 I jump in here 620 00:27:26,270 --> 00:27:27,270 myself. 621 00:27:30,900 --> 00:27:31,900 But this story 622 00:27:33,090 --> 00:27:35,490 is much older than Judeo Christianity, 623 00:27:36,630 --> 00:27:38,749 the snake in the tree. 624 00:27:38,750 --> 00:27:41,249 Uh uh. 625 00:27:41,250 --> 00:27:41,879 Inara, 626 00:27:41,880 --> 00:27:44,309 the Babylonian fertility goddess 627 00:27:44,310 --> 00:27:46,499 Ishtar of Babylon, 628 00:27:46,500 --> 00:27:47,670 Sumerian in Anna. 629 00:27:49,080 --> 00:27:51,149 It stars the namesake of Easter, 630 00:27:51,150 --> 00:27:52,889 which is why we have Easter eggs and 631 00:27:52,890 --> 00:27:55,499 Easter bunnies and flowers 632 00:27:55,500 --> 00:27:57,899 and other fertility symbols. 633 00:27:57,900 --> 00:28:00,119 She planted a tree guarded 634 00:28:00,120 --> 00:28:01,799 by snakes in the tree, contain the 635 00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:03,480 tablets of destiny and 636 00:28:04,680 --> 00:28:05,759 and. 637 00:28:05,760 --> 00:28:07,889 And a female demon 638 00:28:07,890 --> 00:28:10,499 called Lilith that 639 00:28:10,500 --> 00:28:12,689 during the Babylonian exile was 640 00:28:12,690 --> 00:28:14,939 incorporated into Judaic 641 00:28:14,940 --> 00:28:15,940 scripture. 642 00:28:19,110 --> 00:28:20,999 Lilith and 643 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:23,159 she was Michelangelo included 644 00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:25,409 her notice The Serpent in the Sistine 645 00:28:25,410 --> 00:28:26,410 has 646 00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:29,159 memories, and she's 647 00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:30,160 Lilith, 648 00:28:32,100 --> 00:28:33,100 the 649 00:28:36,240 --> 00:28:38,339 Norse dramatic 650 00:28:38,340 --> 00:28:38,609 egg 651 00:28:38,610 --> 00:28:40,709 gristle, the tree of the 652 00:28:40,710 --> 00:28:42,719 Tree of Life was also guarded by a 653 00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:43,720 serpent. 654 00:28:45,310 --> 00:28:46,310 So 655 00:28:47,430 --> 00:28:47,609 I 656 00:28:47,610 --> 00:28:50,789 work in at Harvard Medical School, 657 00:28:50,790 --> 00:28:51,790 where 658 00:28:52,980 --> 00:28:55,109 this small part of Boston, where 659 00:28:57,780 --> 00:28:59,999 in the short period between 98 660 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:03,119 and 2003, over 35000 661 00:29:03,120 --> 00:29:05,339 articles and 2000 journals 662 00:29:05,340 --> 00:29:08,039 by 200000 authors 663 00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:10,230 originated in this group of buildings. 664 00:29:11,670 --> 00:29:14,159 It's knowledge. 665 00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:15,160 So 666 00:29:17,580 --> 00:29:19,139 George Church, the director of my 667 00:29:19,140 --> 00:29:21,779 laboratory at Harvard, 668 00:29:21,780 --> 00:29:23,429 came to me one day and tapped me on the 669 00:29:23,430 --> 00:29:25,619 shoulder and he said, Joe, 670 00:29:25,620 --> 00:29:27,479 your name came up at faculty meeting. 671 00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:29,429 We want to know why there is not a lot of 672 00:29:29,430 --> 00:29:31,439 art at Harvard Medical School. 673 00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:33,159 We know you have a lot of art over it. 674 00:29:33,160 --> 00:29:35,279 MIT Biology. 675 00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:36,929 What are you going to do about this? 676 00:29:36,930 --> 00:29:38,579 So we have this big 677 00:29:38,580 --> 00:29:40,679 atrium that was originally supposed 678 00:29:40,680 --> 00:29:42,659 to be a Japanese garden, but they ran out 679 00:29:42,660 --> 00:29:43,660 of money and 680 00:29:46,050 --> 00:29:48,059 instead we had these ugly green picnic 681 00:29:48,060 --> 00:29:49,060 tables. 682 00:29:50,370 --> 00:29:52,499 So I had this notion that this 683 00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:54,179 since this is such a center of knowledge 684 00:29:54,180 --> 00:29:56,069 that I could get, there's not enough 685 00:29:56,070 --> 00:29:58,169 light or water, whatever 686 00:29:58,170 --> 00:29:59,849 the conditions are right to actually grow 687 00:29:59,850 --> 00:30:01,259 anything there. But I could put the 688 00:30:01,260 --> 00:30:04,199 genetic signature 689 00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:05,159 of the Tree of Knowledge. 690 00:30:05,160 --> 00:30:07,199 I knew that one of the domestic apples, 691 00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:09,569 Golden Delicious, had been sequenced 692 00:30:09,570 --> 00:30:11,789 and that I could put on one side. 693 00:30:11,790 --> 00:30:13,949 I could put binary code that relates 694 00:30:13,950 --> 00:30:14,999 to DNA triplets. 695 00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:16,859 On the other side, I could put Digital 696 00:30:16,860 --> 00:30:18,809 Digital Number that corresponds to its 697 00:30:18,810 --> 00:30:20,039 position in the code. 698 00:30:21,090 --> 00:30:22,170 But looking into it, 699 00:30:23,850 --> 00:30:24,850 I found that 700 00:30:26,700 --> 00:30:27,059 it had 701 00:30:27,060 --> 00:30:28,290 recently been shown 702 00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:30,449 that 703 00:30:30,450 --> 00:30:32,549 an Apple, a wild apple, a die 704 00:30:32,550 --> 00:30:33,550 cut. 705 00:30:34,920 --> 00:30:36,209 Excuse me, 706 00:30:36,210 --> 00:30:38,549 I deployed Apple 707 00:30:38,550 --> 00:30:40,649 from meaning that there's only two copies 708 00:30:40,650 --> 00:30:41,650 of its DNA 709 00:30:42,750 --> 00:30:43,979 from 710 00:30:43,980 --> 00:30:45,839 mountains. A mountain range in Central 711 00:30:45,840 --> 00:30:47,969 Asia is truly 712 00:30:47,970 --> 00:30:50,129 the ancestor of all domestic apples, 713 00:30:50,130 --> 00:30:51,929 and this has only recently been shown to 714 00:30:51,930 --> 00:30:52,930 be the case. 715 00:30:53,880 --> 00:30:55,799 It's called malice of BCI. 716 00:30:55,800 --> 00:30:57,899 It's resistant to diseases that all 717 00:30:57,900 --> 00:30:59,789 of the domestic apples are susceptible 718 00:30:59,790 --> 00:31:02,159 to. It has a much wider 719 00:31:02,160 --> 00:31:04,589 genetic diversity than all of the 720 00:31:04,590 --> 00:31:06,689 seven hundred and fifty seventy 721 00:31:06,690 --> 00:31:08,789 five thousand varieties of apples 722 00:31:08,790 --> 00:31:10,859 that exist in the 723 00:31:10,860 --> 00:31:13,199 world. Domestic apples because 724 00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:15,059 we remove genetic diversity when we 725 00:31:15,060 --> 00:31:16,229 domesticate plants, 726 00:31:20,550 --> 00:31:21,539 so 727 00:31:21,540 --> 00:31:23,699 we expect to find genes, we're 728 00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:24,959 sequencing this apple now. 729 00:31:24,960 --> 00:31:25,960 I got tissue. 730 00:31:32,700 --> 00:31:33,700 And seeds, 731 00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:37,200 um, it's 732 00:31:38,520 --> 00:31:40,229 it's expected, we expect, since it's a 733 00:31:40,230 --> 00:31:42,299 smaller genome than domestic apples, 734 00:31:42,300 --> 00:31:44,399 which have many copies of DNA and not 735 00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:46,559 just to, we expect 736 00:31:46,560 --> 00:31:49,109 it to be between 500 and 750 737 00:31:49,110 --> 00:31:51,389 mega bases, which is 750 million 738 00:31:51,390 --> 00:31:52,829 rungs of the ladder of DNA. 739 00:31:52,830 --> 00:31:54,449 That's small. 740 00:31:54,450 --> 00:31:55,949 It's much smaller than the human genome 741 00:31:55,950 --> 00:31:57,480 and very small for a plant. 742 00:31:59,010 --> 00:32:01,199 Anyway, so with 743 00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:03,780 my colleague Yoav Mishra 744 00:32:05,250 --> 00:32:05,789 at 745 00:32:05,790 --> 00:32:08,069 Harvard Medical School, we use liquid 746 00:32:08,070 --> 00:32:10,319 nitrogen and extracted 747 00:32:11,370 --> 00:32:12,370 DNA 748 00:32:13,740 --> 00:32:14,920 from this ancient apple. 749 00:32:17,850 --> 00:32:19,919 We used we used 750 00:32:19,920 --> 00:32:20,369 a 751 00:32:20,370 --> 00:32:22,509 kind of Betty Crocker cake mix called 752 00:32:22,510 --> 00:32:25,019 the cage and DNA easy. 753 00:32:25,020 --> 00:32:26,970 You know, we also extracted RNA. 754 00:32:29,280 --> 00:32:32,129 And so 755 00:32:32,130 --> 00:32:34,229 this is 756 00:32:34,230 --> 00:32:37,169 like the most 757 00:32:37,170 --> 00:32:37,829 closely 758 00:32:37,830 --> 00:32:40,229 guarded secret in paradise, 759 00:32:40,230 --> 00:32:41,230 right? 760 00:32:44,420 --> 00:32:46,099 One of the first things we did was. 761 00:32:52,620 --> 00:32:53,039 This is a 762 00:32:53,040 --> 00:32:54,959 home. This is a hacker machine. 763 00:32:54,960 --> 00:32:57,059 This is a machine that takes 764 00:32:57,060 --> 00:32:59,219 DNA strands of double stranded 765 00:32:59,220 --> 00:33:01,289 DNA and sticks one end 766 00:33:01,290 --> 00:33:03,779 of it to a vinyl covered slide. 767 00:33:03,780 --> 00:33:06,029 And then we use water to tension to pull 768 00:33:06,030 --> 00:33:07,589 the to 769 00:33:07,590 --> 00:33:08,880 pull the DNA straight. 770 00:33:10,230 --> 00:33:11,230 So 771 00:33:12,570 --> 00:33:13,740 here you are looking 772 00:33:16,210 --> 00:33:17,210 a little. 773 00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:20,249 You're like some of the few 774 00:33:20,250 --> 00:33:23,069 human beings have looked so deeply 775 00:33:23,070 --> 00:33:24,070 at this secret. 776 00:33:26,310 --> 00:33:28,109 But it occurred to me that seven hundred 777 00:33:28,110 --> 00:33:30,069 and fifty thousand, you know, it's a 778 00:33:30,070 --> 00:33:32,189 hundred and eighty seven thousand stones 779 00:33:32,190 --> 00:33:34,349 in that atrium aren't enough 780 00:33:34,350 --> 00:33:35,460 stones to 781 00:33:37,080 --> 00:33:39,209 to contain the genome 782 00:33:39,210 --> 00:33:41,369 of the apple legibly. 783 00:33:41,370 --> 00:33:43,649 So we could only put parts of the 784 00:33:43,650 --> 00:33:44,669 on all these stones. 785 00:33:44,670 --> 00:33:46,379 And so I did this pilot project. 786 00:33:46,380 --> 00:33:47,380 I took 787 00:33:50,010 --> 00:33:52,589 the gene for Rubisco, 788 00:33:52,590 --> 00:33:54,389 which is which I've worked with in the 789 00:33:54,390 --> 00:33:56,669 past. It's the most abundant protein 790 00:33:56,670 --> 00:33:58,199 on Earth. All living things are made of 791 00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:00,689 protein, everything. 792 00:34:00,690 --> 00:34:02,909 And if you break down all 793 00:34:02,910 --> 00:34:05,129 living things into piles, discrete 794 00:34:05,130 --> 00:34:07,289 piles of proteins, then 795 00:34:07,290 --> 00:34:09,419 one of those piles would be really big. 796 00:34:09,420 --> 00:34:11,399 And it's this one where you lose one 797 00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:13,919 size. This phosphate carboxylic sodje 798 00:34:13,920 --> 00:34:15,959 oxygenase, which is called rubisco for 799 00:34:15,960 --> 00:34:16,960 short. 800 00:34:17,610 --> 00:34:20,070 It's it's an Eden protein. 801 00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:24,448 It's part of the Calvin cycle of 802 00:34:24,449 --> 00:34:25,349 photosynthesis. 803 00:34:25,350 --> 00:34:27,509 And when it appeared 804 00:34:27,510 --> 00:34:29,428 it. What it does is it takes inorganic 805 00:34:29,429 --> 00:34:31,649 carbon from atmosphere, 806 00:34:31,650 --> 00:34:33,839 mixes it with sunlight 807 00:34:33,840 --> 00:34:35,549 and makes food. 808 00:34:35,550 --> 00:34:36,718 And even though 809 00:34:36,719 --> 00:34:38,908 we humans, Homo sapiens, we don't make 810 00:34:38,909 --> 00:34:41,249 rubisco all of the complex carbon 811 00:34:41,250 --> 00:34:43,499 that we are created from that 812 00:34:43,500 --> 00:34:45,899 we are made of was 813 00:34:45,900 --> 00:34:48,509 at one time or another made by this 814 00:34:48,510 --> 00:34:50,669 protein rubisco. 815 00:34:50,670 --> 00:34:52,769 And so when it 816 00:34:52,770 --> 00:34:54,928 appeared on the barren, the 817 00:34:54,929 --> 00:34:57,089 once barren Earth, then came 818 00:34:57,090 --> 00:34:58,169 all the 819 00:34:58,170 --> 00:34:59,699 verdant gardens, 820 00:34:59,700 --> 00:35:00,700 right? 821 00:35:01,230 --> 00:35:03,419 And so I wanted 822 00:35:03,420 --> 00:35:04,420 this to. 823 00:35:05,700 --> 00:35:08,429 To be part of the legacy 824 00:35:08,430 --> 00:35:08,999 I would leave 825 00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:09,209 on the 826 00:35:09,210 --> 00:35:11,160 stones and. 827 00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:16,119 So I 828 00:35:16,120 --> 00:35:18,219 mounted an exhibition in at 829 00:35:18,220 --> 00:35:20,289 the South Dakota School of 830 00:35:20,290 --> 00:35:22,569 Mines and Technology in 831 00:35:22,570 --> 00:35:25,299 Rapid City, South Dakota, and I actually 832 00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:27,309 it took me five days with help and I 833 00:35:27,310 --> 00:35:29,649 stamped ten thousand stones with the 834 00:35:29,650 --> 00:35:30,279 gene for 835 00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:31,280 Rubisco. 836 00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:34,599 I figured it's going to take me like many 837 00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:36,699 months to stamp all the stones in the 838 00:35:36,700 --> 00:35:37,700 atrium. 839 00:35:38,260 --> 00:35:39,260 But 840 00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:43,179 these stones are now part of the 841 00:35:43,180 --> 00:35:44,049 permanent collection 842 00:35:44,050 --> 00:35:45,050 of the 843 00:35:46,500 --> 00:35:48,159 of the School of 844 00:35:48,160 --> 00:35:50,049 Mines in Rapid City. 845 00:35:50,050 --> 00:35:52,239 They installed it on 846 00:35:52,240 --> 00:35:53,829 a concrete plant outside their 847 00:35:57,490 --> 00:35:57,969 chemical 848 00:35:57,970 --> 00:36:00,099 and biological engineering building. 849 00:36:02,650 --> 00:36:03,700 So meanwhile, 850 00:36:05,680 --> 00:36:07,959 with the help of my colleagues, 851 00:36:07,960 --> 00:36:10,239 I established an international consortium 852 00:36:10,240 --> 00:36:12,669 now consisting of over 35 853 00:36:12,670 --> 00:36:14,829 investigators and more than a dozen 854 00:36:14,830 --> 00:36:16,300 institutions worldwide. 855 00:36:18,820 --> 00:36:20,889 And we are sequencing the genome and 856 00:36:20,890 --> 00:36:22,239 the transcriptome of this, 857 00:36:24,160 --> 00:36:25,969 this ancient apple. 858 00:36:25,970 --> 00:36:28,689 And there's plant pathology. 859 00:36:28,690 --> 00:36:30,729 The link the apple is of such ancient 860 00:36:30,730 --> 00:36:32,919 lineage. It will this this data will 861 00:36:32,920 --> 00:36:33,909 answer. 862 00:36:33,910 --> 00:36:36,129 These data will answer questions 863 00:36:36,130 --> 00:36:37,590 in evolutionary biology. 864 00:36:40,660 --> 00:36:42,789 The raw sequencing data 865 00:36:42,790 --> 00:36:43,089 comes 866 00:36:43,090 --> 00:36:45,519 from Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. 867 00:36:47,050 --> 00:36:49,299 Richard Sandburg's lab and 868 00:36:49,300 --> 00:36:52,149 usedto Weinberg is also one of the 869 00:36:52,150 --> 00:36:53,150 principles 870 00:36:54,820 --> 00:36:54,999 we're 871 00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:56,499 using aluminum machines. 872 00:36:56,500 --> 00:36:58,420 I see next generation 873 00:37:01,570 --> 00:37:03,909 DNA sequencing machines, and 874 00:37:03,910 --> 00:37:05,349 this 875 00:37:05,350 --> 00:37:07,839 technology is 876 00:37:07,840 --> 00:37:09,040 coming of age. 877 00:37:10,150 --> 00:37:12,309 A few years ago, it cost billion, 878 00:37:12,310 --> 00:37:14,229 a billion dollars to sequence the human 879 00:37:14,230 --> 00:37:16,359 genome. We now can sequence the 880 00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:18,580 human genome for $1000. 881 00:37:20,950 --> 00:37:22,810 The same is true with DNA synthesis. 882 00:37:25,030 --> 00:37:26,590 These are some of our first data. 883 00:37:40,130 --> 00:37:42,259 This is the 884 00:37:42,260 --> 00:37:42,889 day 885 00:37:42,890 --> 00:37:43,219 run 886 00:37:43,220 --> 00:37:44,659 on a drill, 887 00:37:44,660 --> 00:37:46,670 another close look at the ancient secret. 888 00:37:50,270 --> 00:37:52,189 So meanwhile, 889 00:37:52,190 --> 00:37:53,929 Karolinska Institute is building this 890 00:37:53,930 --> 00:37:56,030 giant new building called Biomedical. 891 00:38:05,720 --> 00:38:07,519 Which is going to house five different 892 00:38:07,520 --> 00:38:09,109 departments as part of one of the largest 893 00:38:09,110 --> 00:38:10,969 construction projects in Western Europe, 894 00:38:10,970 --> 00:38:11,970 and 895 00:38:16,040 --> 00:38:17,539 they commissioned sculpture. 896 00:38:17,540 --> 00:38:19,639 We're going to do. We're going to plant 897 00:38:19,640 --> 00:38:21,919 some of these trees, but not just 898 00:38:21,920 --> 00:38:23,239 the mouse. Obviously, I'm about to 899 00:38:23,240 --> 00:38:25,489 explain and 900 00:38:25,490 --> 00:38:27,619 I design these paper models, which I 901 00:38:27,620 --> 00:38:28,999 brought along with me tonight and I 902 00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:30,769 should have at the podium, but I don't 903 00:38:30,770 --> 00:38:32,419 have the 904 00:38:32,420 --> 00:38:34,009 that will be cast. 905 00:38:34,010 --> 00:38:36,379 The skin will be cast in bronze and 906 00:38:36,380 --> 00:38:38,539 in the flesh will be plates of 907 00:38:38,540 --> 00:38:40,939 stainless steel with the laser carved 908 00:38:40,940 --> 00:38:43,399 texts and the DNA 909 00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:44,719 in the inside of the peel. 910 00:38:47,390 --> 00:38:47,929 Actually, I'm 911 00:38:47,930 --> 00:38:50,629 going there for both art and science 912 00:38:50,630 --> 00:38:51,709 in about a week. 913 00:39:01,810 --> 00:39:03,849 Brigham Young University in Provo, 914 00:39:03,850 --> 00:39:06,579 Utah, is doing the assembly 915 00:39:08,710 --> 00:39:09,710 happen? 916 00:39:10,420 --> 00:39:12,669 Yeah, Brigham Young University in Provo, 917 00:39:12,670 --> 00:39:14,559 Utah. It's doing the assembly of the 918 00:39:14,560 --> 00:39:16,659 genome. So like getting the raw 919 00:39:16,660 --> 00:39:18,939 sequence data is is 920 00:39:18,940 --> 00:39:20,439 only a small part of the problem. 921 00:39:20,440 --> 00:39:22,869 The real hack is 922 00:39:22,870 --> 00:39:25,119 how to put it together in 923 00:39:25,120 --> 00:39:27,429 continuous pieces, 924 00:39:27,430 --> 00:39:28,430 and this is 925 00:39:29,890 --> 00:39:30,729 a real 926 00:39:30,730 --> 00:39:33,309 specialty of bioinformatics. 927 00:39:33,310 --> 00:39:35,229 And Brigham Young happens to be one of 928 00:39:35,230 --> 00:39:36,879 the most one of the centers of this 929 00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:38,319 because of their fascination with 930 00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:39,320 genealogy. 931 00:39:45,100 --> 00:39:47,539 Speaking of tool of the state, 932 00:39:47,540 --> 00:39:48,699 the 933 00:39:48,700 --> 00:39:51,399 United States Department of Agriculture, 934 00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:53,259 more than a dozen members of the United 935 00:39:53,260 --> 00:39:54,729 States Department of Agriculture are 936 00:39:54,730 --> 00:39:55,909 members of our consortium. 937 00:39:55,910 --> 00:39:58,629 They don't have the money to sequence 938 00:39:58,630 --> 00:40:01,090 DNA sequence a genome. 939 00:40:04,210 --> 00:40:06,309 They actually supplied 940 00:40:06,310 --> 00:40:07,310 the tissue, 941 00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:10,419 and they held a special meeting in 942 00:40:10,420 --> 00:40:11,499 September about our 943 00:40:11,500 --> 00:40:12,819 project, 944 00:40:12,820 --> 00:40:15,339 which I attended with my colleague 945 00:40:15,340 --> 00:40:16,340 Mike Chow. 946 00:40:19,500 --> 00:40:20,879 This is the 947 00:40:20,880 --> 00:40:23,009 the specimen in the tree, Melissa Basia, 948 00:40:23,010 --> 00:40:24,779 where our tissues come, comes 949 00:40:24,780 --> 00:40:25,780 from. 950 00:40:26,130 --> 00:40:27,780 And of course, I was tempted. 951 00:40:32,280 --> 00:40:34,409 And I 952 00:40:34,410 --> 00:40:35,410 tasted it 953 00:40:36,900 --> 00:40:37,259 and didn't 954 00:40:37,260 --> 00:40:38,260 get any smarter. 955 00:40:41,820 --> 00:40:44,039 OK, many of you probably don't really 956 00:40:44,040 --> 00:40:46,439 know about my background in 957 00:40:46,440 --> 00:40:46,799 art and 958 00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:47,219 molecular 959 00:40:47,220 --> 00:40:48,220 biology. 960 00:40:50,040 --> 00:40:51,690 My first for like 961 00:40:52,830 --> 00:40:55,439 several decades, I've been 962 00:40:55,440 --> 00:40:57,659 working, developing, exploring ways 963 00:40:57,660 --> 00:40:59,969 to incorporate the human 964 00:40:59,970 --> 00:41:01,829 intellectual legacy in 965 00:41:03,030 --> 00:41:03,869 in the 966 00:41:03,870 --> 00:41:06,089 vast, timeless, 967 00:41:06,090 --> 00:41:08,550 deep time terrestrial biome. 968 00:41:10,530 --> 00:41:12,749 My first such project really stemmed from 969 00:41:12,750 --> 00:41:13,829 projects in the search for 970 00:41:13,830 --> 00:41:15,610 extraterrestrial intelligence, where I 971 00:41:16,890 --> 00:41:19,349 used algorithms previously 972 00:41:19,350 --> 00:41:22,199 used to transmit messages to aliens 973 00:41:22,200 --> 00:41:24,389 to incorporate a 974 00:41:24,390 --> 00:41:25,949 graphic icon 975 00:41:25,950 --> 00:41:27,119 in the DNA of 976 00:41:28,920 --> 00:41:30,210 E. coli. And there's 977 00:41:31,350 --> 00:41:32,350 this sequence. 978 00:41:35,410 --> 00:41:38,379 You know, later projects 979 00:41:38,380 --> 00:41:40,179 covered in the journal Nature. 980 00:41:41,860 --> 00:41:44,889 It's really interesting story when 981 00:41:44,890 --> 00:41:46,989 we. So OK, who 982 00:41:46,990 --> 00:41:48,669 knows what the genetic code is? 983 00:41:48,670 --> 00:41:50,619 Anybody know the genetic code is. 984 00:41:50,620 --> 00:41:51,969 Show me some hands. 985 00:41:51,970 --> 00:41:53,949 Genetic code. 986 00:41:53,950 --> 00:41:55,029 Yeah. 987 00:41:55,030 --> 00:41:56,350 For those of you who don't. 988 00:41:58,060 --> 00:42:00,489 There are four different bases in DNA 989 00:42:00,490 --> 00:42:03,669 four rungs of the ladder and 990 00:42:03,670 --> 00:42:06,369 and DNA. The language of 991 00:42:06,370 --> 00:42:09,009 genetics is written in three letter words 992 00:42:09,010 --> 00:42:11,079 Triplets of these letters 993 00:42:11,080 --> 00:42:12,699 of these rungs of ladder, they're only 994 00:42:12,700 --> 00:42:14,229 because they're four triplets. 995 00:42:14,230 --> 00:42:16,209 That mean because there are four bases 996 00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:18,579 there. They're only 64 possible 997 00:42:18,580 --> 00:42:20,919 triplets, and these 998 00:42:20,920 --> 00:42:23,319 64 triplets correspond to 20 999 00:42:23,320 --> 00:42:25,989 amino acids in only 20. 1000 00:42:25,990 --> 00:42:28,179 And in 1957, we knew 1001 00:42:28,180 --> 00:42:29,889 this structure of DNA. 1002 00:42:29,890 --> 00:42:32,379 But we didn't know the connectors 1003 00:42:32,380 --> 00:42:34,719 which triplet went to which of the 20 1004 00:42:34,720 --> 00:42:36,160 amino acids in 1005 00:42:37,930 --> 00:42:39,219 this guy, 1006 00:42:39,220 --> 00:42:41,649 George W. Beatle, who was at 1007 00:42:41,650 --> 00:42:43,389 Caltech in Pasadena, was winning the 1008 00:42:43,390 --> 00:42:45,609 Nobel Prize that year and 1009 00:42:45,610 --> 00:42:47,859 an expatriate German physicist 1010 00:42:47,860 --> 00:42:50,419 later to become the father of virology 1011 00:42:50,420 --> 00:42:52,779 study of viruses and would 1012 00:42:52,780 --> 00:42:54,909 later on in the 60s win his own know.But 1013 00:42:54,910 --> 00:42:57,489 Nobel Prize Max Tilbrook 1014 00:42:57,490 --> 00:42:59,799 decided and his pals at Caltech decided 1015 00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:02,259 to play a trick on George 1016 00:43:02,260 --> 00:43:04,419 Beatle and George went 1017 00:43:04,420 --> 00:43:05,649 on to become the president of the 1018 00:43:05,650 --> 00:43:07,719 University of Chicago. 1019 00:43:07,720 --> 00:43:09,999 So they sent him a telegram 1020 00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:11,369 15 seconds. 1021 00:43:12,430 --> 00:43:14,270 OK, I'm good bye. 1022 00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:17,919 They sent him a telegram with two hundred 1023 00:43:17,920 --> 00:43:20,199 and twenty four letters A's B's 1024 00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:22,299 C's and D's with one x, which was 1025 00:43:22,300 --> 00:43:23,619 the X and Max's name. 1026 00:43:23,620 --> 00:43:25,209 It was a clue 1027 00:43:25,210 --> 00:43:27,879 and it decoded in 1028 00:43:27,880 --> 00:43:28,719 English. 1029 00:43:28,720 --> 00:43:30,129 See, what they 1030 00:43:30,130 --> 00:43:32,559 discovered blew them away. 1031 00:43:32,560 --> 00:43:35,079 There's no chemical or structural 1032 00:43:35,080 --> 00:43:37,539 connection between the amino acid 1033 00:43:37,540 --> 00:43:39,729 and the DNA triplet that represents 1034 00:43:39,730 --> 00:43:41,379 that amino acid. 1035 00:43:41,380 --> 00:43:43,509 The DNA triplet has as much to do with 1036 00:43:43,510 --> 00:43:45,909 the amino acid as the word red 1037 00:43:45,910 --> 00:43:47,289 has to do with the phenomena of 1038 00:43:47,290 --> 00:43:48,290 perception 1039 00:43:49,240 --> 00:43:49,389 or 1040 00:43:49,390 --> 00:43:51,459 whatever of the color itself. 1041 00:43:51,460 --> 00:43:52,460 And 1042 00:43:53,650 --> 00:43:55,899 what that means is that DNA 1043 00:43:55,900 --> 00:43:57,909 that the genetic code operates by the 1044 00:43:57,910 --> 00:44:00,129 rules, by the laws of natural 1045 00:44:00,130 --> 00:44:01,419 language. 1046 00:44:01,420 --> 00:44:03,909 And that's crazy. 1047 00:44:03,910 --> 00:44:06,069 Like we go to the edge of the universe, 1048 00:44:06,070 --> 00:44:08,259 you know, and we find our own cerebral 1049 00:44:08,260 --> 00:44:10,269 cortex imprinted on the wall. 1050 00:44:10,270 --> 00:44:12,639 We get to the we get to the limits 1051 00:44:12,640 --> 00:44:15,189 of knowledge and we find our own language 1052 00:44:15,190 --> 00:44:16,359 reflected there. 1053 00:44:16,360 --> 00:44:18,489 And science wax poetic. 1054 00:44:18,490 --> 00:44:20,469 They had arguments for a couple of years 1055 00:44:20,470 --> 00:44:22,659 about whether or not there were 1056 00:44:22,660 --> 00:44:24,939 spaces between the words they called 1057 00:44:24,940 --> 00:44:27,129 it comma and comma free code. 1058 00:44:27,130 --> 00:44:28,929 Max Tilbrook thought there were spaces 1059 00:44:28,930 --> 00:44:30,519 between the words George thought there 1060 00:44:30,520 --> 00:44:32,589 weren't. The 224 1061 00:44:32,590 --> 00:44:34,659 letter Telegram had a space code 1062 00:44:34,660 --> 00:44:36,909 on it said, Break this code or get back 1063 00:44:36,910 --> 00:44:37,910 to Nobel Prize. 1064 00:44:39,130 --> 00:44:41,319 It took George a couple of days 1065 00:44:41,320 --> 00:44:41,589 with 1066 00:44:41,590 --> 00:44:42,729 one of his grad students. 1067 00:44:42,730 --> 00:44:44,559 He broke the code and he sent a telegram 1068 00:44:44,560 --> 00:44:46,459 back to Max Dale Brooke in Pasadena, and 1069 00:44:46,460 --> 00:44:47,889 it said, Yeah, I got your message just 1070 00:44:47,890 --> 00:44:50,769 fine. Also in code, but with no space. 1071 00:44:50,770 --> 00:44:51,909 Got your message just fine. 1072 00:44:51,910 --> 00:44:54,189 If we could do the final step because the 1073 00:44:54,190 --> 00:44:56,049 genetic code wasn't figured out for 1074 00:44:56,050 --> 00:44:57,849 another decade or so. 1075 00:44:57,850 --> 00:44:59,889 The places, the matches. 1076 00:45:01,510 --> 00:45:03,609 So George and his pals in 1077 00:45:03,610 --> 00:45:05,679 Pasadena raced to put together 1078 00:45:05,680 --> 00:45:07,419 a response before the end of the Nobel 1079 00:45:07,420 --> 00:45:09,279 Prize ceremonies, and they put together 1080 00:45:09,280 --> 00:45:11,229 one hundred and seventy four toothpicks 1081 00:45:11,230 --> 00:45:13,329 of four different colors, and 1082 00:45:13,330 --> 00:45:15,279 the airfreight officer delivered it to 1083 00:45:15,280 --> 00:45:17,409 George when he was delivering his formal 1084 00:45:17,410 --> 00:45:19,689 address after the award ceremonies. 1085 00:45:19,690 --> 00:45:21,489 And damn if he didn't decoded at the 1086 00:45:21,490 --> 00:45:24,069 podium and it said, 1087 00:45:24,070 --> 00:45:25,719 I am the riddle of life. 1088 00:45:25,720 --> 00:45:27,789 No, me and you will know yourself 1089 00:45:27,790 --> 00:45:30,069 and that friends is the edict 1090 00:45:30,070 --> 00:45:31,419 of Apollo Adelphi. 1091 00:45:31,420 --> 00:45:33,129 Know yourself and you will know the 1092 00:45:33,130 --> 00:45:35,019 secrets of the universe and the secrets 1093 00:45:35,020 --> 00:45:36,020 of the gods. 1094 00:45:37,540 --> 00:45:39,969 Unfortunately, George and Max 1095 00:45:39,970 --> 00:45:41,289 couldn't synthesize DNA. 1096 00:45:41,290 --> 00:45:43,209 It wasn't possible to conveniently 1097 00:45:43,210 --> 00:45:45,309 synthesize DNA until the 1980s. 1098 00:45:45,310 --> 00:45:47,439 And so in the 1980s and early 1099 00:45:47,440 --> 00:45:50,139 1990s, a synthesized 1100 00:45:50,140 --> 00:45:51,759 riddle of life at Free University in 1101 00:45:51,760 --> 00:45:53,289 Berlin 1102 00:45:53,290 --> 00:45:53,649 and 1103 00:45:53,650 --> 00:45:55,359 sequenced it. There we go. 1104 00:45:55,360 --> 00:45:57,429 It was the I am the riddle of life 1105 00:45:57,430 --> 00:45:59,709 molecule, and 1106 00:46:01,210 --> 00:46:03,109 in my next projects had to do with 1107 00:46:03,110 --> 00:46:04,110 the 1108 00:46:05,770 --> 00:46:07,839 I had a girlfriend when I was a young man 1109 00:46:07,840 --> 00:46:10,419 who illustrated a children's story about 1110 00:46:10,420 --> 00:46:12,279 the spoiled child who could find no 1111 00:46:12,280 --> 00:46:14,349 happiness until she met a mouse 1112 00:46:14,350 --> 00:46:17,139 that had a map of the world in its ear. 1113 00:46:17,140 --> 00:46:19,329 And so I this 1114 00:46:19,330 --> 00:46:21,759 was at the time, the most significant 1115 00:46:21,760 --> 00:46:23,919 advance in cartography since jihadists. 1116 00:46:23,920 --> 00:46:26,169 Mercator it's the Kobe image of the Milky 1117 00:46:26,170 --> 00:46:28,059 Way. It's the first time we were ever 1118 00:46:28,060 --> 00:46:29,480 able to image the 1119 00:46:30,610 --> 00:46:31,089 our own 1120 00:46:31,090 --> 00:46:33,339 galactic cores looking through the 1121 00:46:33,340 --> 00:46:34,429 intergalactic. 1122 00:46:34,430 --> 00:46:35,430 Clouds and 1123 00:46:36,980 --> 00:46:39,049 DNA is based four zero one two 1124 00:46:39,050 --> 00:46:40,999 three. There are four bases there, four 1125 00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:42,739 consecutive sizes. 1126 00:46:42,740 --> 00:46:44,749 And so you, you represent them. 1127 00:46:44,750 --> 00:46:47,029 We represent them all the time 1128 00:46:47,030 --> 00:46:48,919 as base for. 1129 00:46:48,920 --> 00:46:50,999 So you can convert a binary 1130 00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:52,609 because this this picture was made with 1131 00:46:52,610 --> 00:46:54,919 CCD imagers in liquid helium 1132 00:46:54,920 --> 00:46:56,809 filled doers in a quiet orbit, and it was 1133 00:46:56,810 --> 00:46:58,219 spit out data. 1134 00:46:58,220 --> 00:47:01,189 Binary data that we 1135 00:47:01,190 --> 00:47:03,409 massaged to get this image for the human 1136 00:47:03,410 --> 00:47:04,849 sensorium. 1137 00:47:04,850 --> 00:47:05,599 But if we 1138 00:47:05,600 --> 00:47:06,199 make the 1139 00:47:06,200 --> 00:47:07,399 data 1140 00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:09,529 directly into DNA, then you 1141 00:47:09,530 --> 00:47:11,569 end up with long repeats of the same 1142 00:47:11,570 --> 00:47:12,570 nucleotides 1143 00:47:14,000 --> 00:47:15,739 see, and that the repeated 1144 00:47:15,740 --> 00:47:17,779 electromechanical torsion on the molecule 1145 00:47:17,780 --> 00:47:19,219 causes it to twist and curl. 1146 00:47:19,220 --> 00:47:21,019 And so all the machinery and cells can 1147 00:47:21,020 --> 00:47:23,179 operate on it and you can't sequence 1148 00:47:23,180 --> 00:47:25,379 it. And so this 1149 00:47:25,380 --> 00:47:26,380 was my first 1150 00:47:28,100 --> 00:47:29,719 one of my first DNA hacks. 1151 00:47:29,720 --> 00:47:30,890 It was how to write 1152 00:47:31,970 --> 00:47:34,249 language into DNA with 1153 00:47:34,250 --> 00:47:36,139 that was that had parity with the 1154 00:47:36,140 --> 00:47:38,539 original data, but that was biochemically 1155 00:47:38,540 --> 00:47:40,640 and and biologically friendly 1156 00:47:42,710 --> 00:47:44,059 of the 64 code. 1157 00:47:45,530 --> 00:47:47,330 Three of them are stop codons. 1158 00:47:52,640 --> 00:47:54,199 These three and I used those 1159 00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:55,969 informational statements. 1160 00:47:55,970 --> 00:47:58,010 And because of that, I was able to put in 1161 00:47:59,450 --> 00:48:01,759 desk drawers like file 1162 00:48:01,760 --> 00:48:03,709 file cabinets or so. 1163 00:48:03,710 --> 00:48:04,969 Each one of these yellow 1164 00:48:04,970 --> 00:48:07,309 sequences is a unique 1165 00:48:07,310 --> 00:48:09,439 sequence for an enzyme to come, 1166 00:48:09,440 --> 00:48:10,489 cut the DNA 1167 00:48:10,490 --> 00:48:10,879 just 1168 00:48:10,880 --> 00:48:11,899 there. 1169 00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:12,259 So if 1170 00:48:12,260 --> 00:48:13,699 I had a mistake and said this is 1171 00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:16,999 because this was back in the 90s 1172 00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:18,979 and synthesis wasn't as efficient as it 1173 00:48:18,980 --> 00:48:20,209 is now, then I 1174 00:48:20,210 --> 00:48:21,889 could just pull out that desk drawer, fix 1175 00:48:21,890 --> 00:48:22,549 it, put it back 1176 00:48:22,550 --> 00:48:23,550 together. 1177 00:48:24,560 --> 00:48:26,659 But I had a problem, 1178 00:48:27,770 --> 00:48:28,770 and that is 1179 00:48:30,680 --> 00:48:32,869 why I 1180 00:48:32,870 --> 00:48:33,379 ended up with 1181 00:48:33,380 --> 00:48:35,869 the biologically useless piece of DNA 1182 00:48:35,870 --> 00:48:38,029 that that 1183 00:48:38,030 --> 00:48:40,099 the cell the 1184 00:48:40,100 --> 00:48:42,499 organism would tend to rearrange 1185 00:48:42,500 --> 00:48:44,000 or eliminate 1186 00:48:45,350 --> 00:48:47,570 in within generations. 1187 00:48:49,220 --> 00:48:51,409 Now they call me 1188 00:48:51,410 --> 00:48:53,389 the father of BioPort because I made the 1189 00:48:53,390 --> 00:48:55,369 first recombinant artwork. 1190 00:48:57,260 --> 00:48:57,769 But the real 1191 00:48:57,770 --> 00:48:59,809 father of biotech with this guy, Edward 1192 00:48:59,810 --> 00:49:02,269 Steichen, he he had an exhibition 1193 00:49:02,270 --> 00:49:04,369 of his Delphine IEMs 1194 00:49:04,370 --> 00:49:06,229 at the Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art 1195 00:49:06,230 --> 00:49:07,820 in 1936. 1196 00:49:09,590 --> 00:49:11,989 He used his asthma medication and 1197 00:49:11,990 --> 00:49:14,239 muted, denies his opinions and made 1198 00:49:14,240 --> 00:49:16,459 them grow giant and bright blue brighter 1199 00:49:16,460 --> 00:49:17,689 than any other phenoms. 1200 00:49:17,690 --> 00:49:19,879 You can still buy them from burpee seeds. 1201 00:49:20,960 --> 00:49:22,159 It's not as if there weren't 1202 00:49:22,160 --> 00:49:24,289 horticultural shows or flower 1203 00:49:24,290 --> 00:49:25,669 shows all over the world. 1204 00:49:25,670 --> 00:49:28,069 It was just. This was the first time that 1205 00:49:28,070 --> 00:49:30,079 such a manipulation was treated in a 1206 00:49:30,080 --> 00:49:33,139 formal way as a work of art. 1207 00:49:33,140 --> 00:49:35,419 Now, bio artists are still 1208 00:49:35,420 --> 00:49:36,420 really 1209 00:49:38,090 --> 00:49:39,049 stuck on the idea 1210 00:49:39,050 --> 00:49:39,919 of 1211 00:49:39,920 --> 00:49:42,409 bizarre and Garrus mutations. 1212 00:49:42,410 --> 00:49:44,479 They want to make, you know, green 1213 00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:46,709 bunnies and 1214 00:49:46,710 --> 00:49:47,840 verification. 1215 00:49:51,290 --> 00:49:52,290 But see, 1216 00:49:53,450 --> 00:49:54,079 I'm interested 1217 00:49:54,080 --> 00:49:56,089 in a different kind of manipulation I'm 1218 00:49:56,090 --> 00:49:57,679 interested in 1219 00:49:57,680 --> 00:49:57,919 and 1220 00:49:57,920 --> 00:50:00,919 more ecologically friendly and more 1221 00:50:00,920 --> 00:50:03,259 environmentally compatible 1222 00:50:03,260 --> 00:50:05,389 form of genetic manipulation than 1223 00:50:05,390 --> 00:50:07,459 any of the genetic manipulations of 1224 00:50:07,460 --> 00:50:09,289 the past, including all of those of 1225 00:50:09,290 --> 00:50:10,340 molecular biology. 1226 00:50:12,680 --> 00:50:15,139 I just mentioned it's like Borgias story 1227 00:50:15,140 --> 00:50:17,239 about a map of the world that coincides 1228 00:50:17,240 --> 00:50:18,240 with itself. 1229 00:50:20,490 --> 00:50:22,759 I just mentioned that there were 20 1230 00:50:22,760 --> 00:50:25,009 amino acids and 64 1231 00:50:25,010 --> 00:50:26,449 places to represent them. 1232 00:50:26,450 --> 00:50:28,039 64 triplets to play. 1233 00:50:28,040 --> 00:50:30,079 So some of these are redundant. 1234 00:50:30,080 --> 00:50:32,149 And so this is basically you 1235 00:50:32,150 --> 00:50:33,709 can change this. 1236 00:50:33,710 --> 00:50:35,479 One of the redundant codes is still in 1237 00:50:35,480 --> 00:50:37,789 general, not all the time, but in general 1238 00:50:37,790 --> 00:50:39,170 end up with the same protein. 1239 00:50:41,540 --> 00:50:43,819 But those instances where you cannot 1240 00:50:43,820 --> 00:50:45,079 take those into account. 1241 00:50:45,080 --> 00:50:47,239 This is called silent code, 1242 00:50:47,240 --> 00:50:47,449 so 1243 00:50:47,450 --> 00:50:49,369 I could write binary numbers under a gene 1244 00:50:49,370 --> 00:50:51,889 without changing the output of the gene 1245 00:50:51,890 --> 00:50:54,259 or changing the size of the gene. 1246 00:50:54,260 --> 00:50:57,469 It was a way to like, write a song 1247 00:50:57,470 --> 00:50:58,789 underneath another song, 1248 00:51:00,110 --> 00:51:01,520 but it wasn't very efficient. 1249 00:51:04,160 --> 00:51:07,009 I ended up having to use a lot of DNA 1250 00:51:07,010 --> 00:51:08,329 to write 1251 00:51:08,330 --> 00:51:10,489 relatively small volumes information, 1252 00:51:10,490 --> 00:51:13,009 and then I got Scarlet Fever 1253 00:51:13,010 --> 00:51:15,289 and Osnabrück at the Media Arts 1254 00:51:15,290 --> 00:51:18,279 Festival, drinking somebodys beer 1255 00:51:18,280 --> 00:51:19,429 in it. 1256 00:51:19,430 --> 00:51:21,589 I mean, I had strep throat before 1257 00:51:21,590 --> 00:51:23,269 you get that from the same organism 1258 00:51:23,270 --> 00:51:25,099 Streptococcus the Streptococcus. 1259 00:51:25,100 --> 00:51:27,679 But symptomology 1260 00:51:27,680 --> 00:51:29,569 of scarlet fever comes if you have to be 1261 00:51:29,570 --> 00:51:31,849 lucky enough not only to be infected 1262 00:51:31,850 --> 00:51:34,089 with Streptococcus, but to be. 1263 00:51:34,090 --> 00:51:36,549 Infected with Streptococcus that is sick 1264 00:51:36,550 --> 00:51:39,189 itself, that's infected with the virus 1265 00:51:39,190 --> 00:51:41,349 called T12 1266 00:51:41,350 --> 00:51:43,269 and and 1267 00:51:43,270 --> 00:51:44,329 that's how you get there. 1268 00:51:44,330 --> 00:51:45,729 But anyway, I didn't have health 1269 00:51:45,730 --> 00:51:47,650 insurance. I was in Germany, 1270 00:51:49,600 --> 00:51:51,699 so I was really sick and I 1271 00:51:51,700 --> 00:51:53,769 got on the train for Essen. 1272 00:51:53,770 --> 00:51:56,109 And my friends in Essen 1273 00:51:56,110 --> 00:51:58,479 finally got me tetracycline by pretending 1274 00:51:58,480 --> 00:52:00,699 to be me, and I pretended to be 1275 00:52:00,700 --> 00:52:01,700 them and I got it. 1276 00:52:02,860 --> 00:52:05,259 But before that happened, I was delirious 1277 00:52:05,260 --> 00:52:07,809 and I couldn't stop thinking about math 1278 00:52:07,810 --> 00:52:09,309 and DNA. 1279 00:52:09,310 --> 00:52:10,310 And 1280 00:52:12,730 --> 00:52:13,730 I know five, 1281 00:52:15,130 --> 00:52:16,130 right? 1282 00:52:16,980 --> 00:52:17,980 So 1283 00:52:19,300 --> 00:52:19,869 yes, 1284 00:52:19,870 --> 00:52:21,369 I couldn't stop thinking about matching 1285 00:52:21,370 --> 00:52:22,370 DNA, 1286 00:52:24,610 --> 00:52:26,709 and I came up with a way 1287 00:52:28,090 --> 00:52:30,189 to put not just one layer of information 1288 00:52:30,190 --> 00:52:31,959 under a gene, but many, many layers of 1289 00:52:31,960 --> 00:52:34,239 information like babushka dolls. 1290 00:52:34,240 --> 00:52:36,639 And that worked because there every 1291 00:52:36,640 --> 00:52:37,629 DNA 1292 00:52:37,630 --> 00:52:39,219 triplet 1293 00:52:39,220 --> 00:52:41,379 can be represented by three unique 1294 00:52:41,380 --> 00:52:42,369 numbers. 1295 00:52:42,370 --> 00:52:45,609 One number is the DNA itself 1296 00:52:45,610 --> 00:52:47,739 is zero zero zero zero one 1297 00:52:47,740 --> 00:52:49,899 one, the silent 1298 00:52:49,900 --> 00:52:51,969 code redundant code on binary 1299 00:52:51,970 --> 00:52:54,099 number in this case, 11 1300 00:52:54,100 --> 00:52:56,439 and the and the base 20 number 1301 00:52:56,440 --> 00:52:58,719 that corresponds with the amino acid 1302 00:52:58,720 --> 00:53:00,249 that is translated to. 1303 00:53:00,250 --> 00:53:02,709 And so then I made this mathematical 1304 00:53:02,710 --> 00:53:04,839 genetic code and it let me 1305 00:53:04,840 --> 00:53:06,039 write it. 1306 00:53:06,040 --> 00:53:07,929 Let me write three layers of information. 1307 00:53:13,670 --> 00:53:14,670 Under. 1308 00:53:15,770 --> 00:53:16,840 So there's OK. 1309 00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:20,119 Every DNA molecule bus 1310 00:53:20,120 --> 00:53:22,219 has three pages of information 1311 00:53:22,220 --> 00:53:23,539 available. 1312 00:53:23,540 --> 00:53:26,239 The DNA itself is one of the numbers. 1313 00:53:26,240 --> 00:53:28,219 The protein it's translated to is one of 1314 00:53:28,220 --> 00:53:29,329 the numbers and then there's the 1315 00:53:29,330 --> 00:53:30,529 redundant codons. 1316 00:53:30,530 --> 00:53:32,179 That's the silent code. 1317 00:53:32,180 --> 00:53:34,039 But instead, 1318 00:53:39,590 --> 00:53:41,809 instead of writing code in 1319 00:53:41,810 --> 00:53:43,969 the I wrote a map of 1320 00:53:43,970 --> 00:53:46,249 a hypothetical but very precisely 1321 00:53:46,250 --> 00:53:48,469 foreign DNA molecule in 1322 00:53:48,470 --> 00:53:50,539 the open spaces part. 1323 00:53:50,540 --> 00:53:52,789 And it also has three 1324 00:53:52,790 --> 00:53:55,219 pages of information available now. 1325 00:53:55,220 --> 00:53:57,619 It's even more efficient than real world 1326 00:53:57,620 --> 00:53:59,749 DNA because I could use those 1327 00:53:59,750 --> 00:54:01,519 code on set. I couldn't use in a 1328 00:54:01,520 --> 00:54:04,339 biological context to hold information. 1329 00:54:04,340 --> 00:54:05,869 And and so 1330 00:54:07,220 --> 00:54:09,529 the so then I wrote the map 1331 00:54:09,530 --> 00:54:11,749 of the third molecule and put 1332 00:54:11,750 --> 00:54:13,879 input data and so on and so forth, 1333 00:54:13,880 --> 00:54:14,979 and 1334 00:54:14,980 --> 00:54:15,980 so 1335 00:54:19,550 --> 00:54:21,259 and so on and so forth. 1336 00:54:21,260 --> 00:54:22,939 And my first, I called it, did a 1337 00:54:22,940 --> 00:54:25,399 manifolds, and my first 1338 00:54:25,400 --> 00:54:26,569 project was to 1339 00:54:26,570 --> 00:54:28,429 put the 1340 00:54:28,430 --> 00:54:29,539 writings of this guy. 1341 00:54:29,540 --> 00:54:32,149 Heraclitus Heraclitus 1342 00:54:32,150 --> 00:54:34,189 was the greatest scientific study of his 1343 00:54:34,190 --> 00:54:36,409 age, he wrote of great work, called on 1344 00:54:36,410 --> 00:54:38,329 nature that all his contemporaries, you 1345 00:54:38,330 --> 00:54:40,579 know, like, raved about, 1346 00:54:40,580 --> 00:54:42,799 but it's been totally lost. 1347 00:54:42,800 --> 00:54:44,659 One of the laws about mathematics 1348 00:54:44,660 --> 00:54:46,789 triangles is named after 1349 00:54:46,790 --> 00:54:48,859 Heraclitus, but all of his work 1350 00:54:48,860 --> 00:54:50,419 in mathematics has been lost. 1351 00:54:50,420 --> 00:54:52,519 Only 11 pages of fragments 1352 00:54:52,520 --> 00:54:54,799 of the work pericarditis remains. 1353 00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:56,719 And one of them because I was stuck on 1354 00:54:56,720 --> 00:54:59,059 Delfi, says 1355 00:54:59,060 --> 00:55:01,159 the lords, whose oracles are 1356 00:55:01,160 --> 00:55:03,259 adelphia, which is neither to conceal 1357 00:55:03,260 --> 00:55:06,169 nor to reveal, but rather to signify. 1358 00:55:06,170 --> 00:55:08,299 And so it wrote those into the genes of 1359 00:55:08,300 --> 00:55:10,189 a fly for the white eyes. 1360 00:55:10,190 --> 00:55:12,559 It's a natural but rare mutation 1361 00:55:14,780 --> 00:55:15,780 in fruit flies. 1362 00:55:17,330 --> 00:55:19,249 This is George Church wearing the riddle 1363 00:55:19,250 --> 00:55:20,389 of life. 1364 00:55:20,390 --> 00:55:22,609 Yeah, about a year ago, 1365 00:55:22,610 --> 00:55:23,509 he wrote. 1366 00:55:23,510 --> 00:55:25,729 He put the first full length book 1367 00:55:25,730 --> 00:55:27,949 in DNA and actually Michael 1368 00:55:27,950 --> 00:55:30,229 Venus, the first genetic artwork 1369 00:55:30,230 --> 00:55:32,359 cited in science and was the first time 1370 00:55:32,360 --> 00:55:34,429 art journal a journal in art got 1371 00:55:34,430 --> 00:55:35,480 cited in science. 1372 00:55:36,900 --> 00:55:37,900 Yeah. 1373 00:55:38,810 --> 00:55:40,169 And so we 1374 00:55:40,170 --> 00:55:42,229 were. The data of the 1375 00:55:42,230 --> 00:55:44,359 of the mouse genome was coming 1376 00:55:44,360 --> 00:55:46,069 in, and so 1377 00:55:46,070 --> 00:55:47,539 I got together with my 1378 00:55:47,540 --> 00:55:49,909 old time collaborator Danah Boyd and 1379 00:55:49,910 --> 00:55:51,679 one of my colleagues from Church Lab 1380 00:55:51,680 --> 00:55:53,779 Madeline Price Ball, who had 1381 00:55:53,780 --> 00:55:56,089 been making shrunk Wikipedia's four third 1382 00:55:56,090 --> 00:55:58,309 world applications to give versions 1383 00:55:58,310 --> 00:56:00,169 of Wikipedia to the Third World to kids 1384 00:56:00,170 --> 00:56:01,219 who couldn't get online. 1385 00:56:02,420 --> 00:56:04,039 So we have a 1386 00:56:04,040 --> 00:56:06,379 between a 100 megabyte and 350 1387 00:56:06,380 --> 00:56:08,299 megabytes. At 350 megabytes, it's 1388 00:56:10,040 --> 00:56:10,369 the 1389 00:56:10,370 --> 00:56:12,829 top 50000 pages, almost 1390 00:56:12,830 --> 00:56:15,109 50 percent of the most visited pages in 1391 00:56:15,110 --> 00:56:16,110 Wikipedia. 1392 00:56:17,360 --> 00:56:19,549 And I guess my time is running 1393 00:56:19,550 --> 00:56:19,759 out, 1394 00:56:19,760 --> 00:56:22,279 but I guess 1395 00:56:22,280 --> 00:56:23,359 you can figure out what I'm 1396 00:56:23,360 --> 00:56:25,039 going to do, and 1397 00:56:26,630 --> 00:56:26,749 I 1398 00:56:26,750 --> 00:56:28,459 want to make apples 1399 00:56:28,460 --> 00:56:29,460 to tempt the devil. 1400 00:56:36,140 --> 00:56:37,519 We get to name this Apple 1401 00:56:38,690 --> 00:56:39,649 and 1402 00:56:39,650 --> 00:56:41,569 George Church church in Latin is 1403 00:56:41,570 --> 00:56:43,639 ecclesia, and Malus 1404 00:56:43,640 --> 00:56:45,729 means evil. It's a pun in Latin 1405 00:56:45,730 --> 00:56:48,109 and the reason apples get the name evil, 1406 00:56:48,110 --> 00:56:49,459 it's lost. 1407 00:56:49,460 --> 00:56:51,649 But this last 1408 00:56:51,650 --> 00:56:52,650 side 1409 00:56:55,100 --> 00:56:56,839 so malice ecclesia will be the name of 1410 00:56:56,840 --> 00:56:57,889 the wicked fired 1411 00:56:59,810 --> 00:57:00,889 Apple. And 1412 00:57:02,690 --> 00:57:02,899 and 1413 00:57:02,900 --> 00:57:04,550 when I got to Hamburg today, 1414 00:57:05,870 --> 00:57:08,059 the hotel room that gave me was 1415 00:57:08,060 --> 00:57:08,659 six 1416 00:57:08,660 --> 00:57:10,429 six six. 1417 00:57:15,620 --> 00:57:16,620 And. 1418 00:57:19,440 --> 00:57:20,579 Thank you very much, ladies and 1419 00:57:20,580 --> 00:57:21,580 gentlemen. 1420 00:57:22,450 --> 00:57:23,450 Okay. 1421 00:57:26,420 --> 00:57:27,420 Just to hear. 1422 00:57:29,520 --> 00:57:31,649 You're just really perfectly on 1423 00:57:31,650 --> 00:57:32,549 time. 1424 00:57:32,550 --> 00:57:33,779 That was great. 1425 00:57:33,780 --> 00:57:35,639 I think we don't have really a lot of 1426 00:57:35,640 --> 00:57:36,640 time for 1427 00:57:37,770 --> 00:57:40,019 Q&A. I can maybe ask some, 1428 00:57:40,020 --> 00:57:42,209 some single question I have right now 1429 00:57:42,210 --> 00:57:45,239 is just is there enough redundancy 1430 00:57:45,240 --> 00:57:46,199 in the DNA? 1431 00:57:46,200 --> 00:57:47,639 It's just so did. 1432 00:57:47,640 --> 00:57:48,779 It's still an apple? 1433 00:57:48,780 --> 00:57:51,059 It's still the information for the Apple 1434 00:57:51,060 --> 00:57:53,279 Plus the 50000 articles of 1435 00:57:53,280 --> 00:57:54,419 Wikipedia. 1436 00:57:54,420 --> 00:57:56,549 No change in phenotype. 1437 00:57:56,550 --> 00:57:59,039 So Apple tastes like an apple. 1438 00:57:59,040 --> 00:58:01,590 So it's it's just kind of biological. 1439 00:58:02,760 --> 00:58:03,749 What's this thing called? 1440 00:58:03,750 --> 00:58:05,759 Why you hide data and images? 1441 00:58:05,760 --> 00:58:06,809 It's just a bit like that. 1442 00:58:06,810 --> 00:58:09,299 So you just use the unused 1443 00:58:09,300 --> 00:58:11,010 portion of the information. 1444 00:58:12,390 --> 00:58:13,409 Yeah. 1445 00:58:13,410 --> 00:58:15,629 You can read it well in the 1446 00:58:15,630 --> 00:58:17,429 other way as well, but it's both things 1447 00:58:17,430 --> 00:58:18,900 in the same thing. That information? 1448 00:58:20,070 --> 00:58:22,159 Yeah. So I don't want 1449 00:58:22,160 --> 00:58:24,299 to give you a quick question, but 1450 00:58:24,300 --> 00:58:25,300 I think you'll 1451 00:58:26,520 --> 00:58:28,589 kind of I think thanks to 1452 00:58:28,590 --> 00:58:30,089 what's great having you here. 1453 00:58:30,090 --> 00:58:31,090 OK.