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If you are capable, please help us to create good quality subtitles: https://c3subtitles.de/talk/447 Thanks! 1 00:00:09,050 --> 00:00:10,130 Oh, thank you. 2 00:00:12,350 --> 00:00:14,930 Thanks for showing up this morning, 3 00:00:16,370 --> 00:00:18,499 I have to start with a story. 4 00:00:18,500 --> 00:00:20,959 I'm impressed that the the 5 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:21,779 room is packed. 6 00:00:21,780 --> 00:00:24,229 So I was playing in a rather 7 00:00:24,230 --> 00:00:26,479 unsuccessful heavy metal band for quite 8 00:00:26,480 --> 00:00:28,849 some years, and I always dreamed 9 00:00:28,850 --> 00:00:30,349 about performing. 10 00:00:37,770 --> 00:00:40,229 Life can be very ironic, you start 11 00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:42,419 working on quantum computers and 12 00:00:42,420 --> 00:00:44,399 diamonds and people show up to your 13 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:46,259 performance anyway. 14 00:00:46,260 --> 00:00:47,849 So I have to start with a little 15 00:00:47,850 --> 00:00:50,459 disclaimer, and I'm 16 00:00:50,460 --> 00:00:52,649 I mean that from the bottom 17 00:00:52,650 --> 00:00:53,819 of my heart. 18 00:00:53,820 --> 00:00:55,889 I'm a physicist or more precisely, 19 00:00:55,890 --> 00:00:57,839 I'm a material scientist. 20 00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:00,089 And with that, 21 00:01:00,090 --> 00:01:01,679 I have a strong background when it comes 22 00:01:01,680 --> 00:01:04,348 to materials and diamonds. 23 00:01:04,349 --> 00:01:06,149 My background is not so strong when it 24 00:01:06,150 --> 00:01:08,339 comes to the things you are 25 00:01:08,340 --> 00:01:10,679 interested in, quantum algorithms 26 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:12,569 and stuff. Although I will talk a little 27 00:01:12,570 --> 00:01:13,570 bit about that. 28 00:01:15,300 --> 00:01:17,309 Please be kind when it comes to the 29 00:01:17,310 --> 00:01:19,919 question and to answer part of this 30 00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:20,920 talk. 31 00:01:21,840 --> 00:01:23,760 Anyway, let's start whenever 32 00:01:24,930 --> 00:01:27,419 you take a look at the concepts 33 00:01:27,420 --> 00:01:28,799 of future computers. 34 00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:30,959 Of course, it makes sense to take a look 35 00:01:30,960 --> 00:01:33,539 back on on the computers that were 36 00:01:33,540 --> 00:01:34,529 there before. 37 00:01:34,530 --> 00:01:36,809 And of course, every one of you know 38 00:01:36,810 --> 00:01:39,299 this diagram, it's Moore's Law 39 00:01:39,300 --> 00:01:41,939 and this diagram, it shows 40 00:01:41,940 --> 00:01:44,249 this is the time scale and it shows 41 00:01:44,250 --> 00:01:46,709 the numbers of transistors 42 00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:47,789 on a microchip. 43 00:01:47,790 --> 00:01:50,219 And this diagram never, never fails 44 00:01:50,220 --> 00:01:52,469 to impress me because more 45 00:01:54,150 --> 00:01:56,159 of he wrote a paper actually on that. 46 00:01:56,160 --> 00:01:58,019 And he claimed that the number of 47 00:01:58,020 --> 00:02:00,359 transistors will double every 24 48 00:02:00,360 --> 00:02:01,360 month. 49 00:02:01,830 --> 00:02:04,799 And he claimed that's 1965. 50 00:02:04,800 --> 00:02:06,869 So back here, down here at a 51 00:02:06,870 --> 00:02:08,939 time where we were only talking about a 52 00:02:08,940 --> 00:02:09,989 few thousand 53 00:02:11,790 --> 00:02:13,919 transistors and this law 54 00:02:13,920 --> 00:02:15,989 is still true when it comes to the 55 00:02:15,990 --> 00:02:18,779 to the more modern computers 56 00:02:18,780 --> 00:02:20,999 where we have billions of transistors. 57 00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:23,219 So that's quite impressive, this 58 00:02:23,220 --> 00:02:25,379 vision that he had. 59 00:02:25,380 --> 00:02:27,299 How is that possible or how could we 60 00:02:27,300 --> 00:02:29,489 improve from a few thousand to two 61 00:02:29,490 --> 00:02:31,679 billions of transistors on a on 62 00:02:31,680 --> 00:02:32,819 a microchip? 63 00:02:32,820 --> 00:02:35,129 Well, pretty straightforward 64 00:02:35,130 --> 00:02:37,319 and pretty easily by scaling 65 00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:38,969 down the size of the transistors. 66 00:02:38,970 --> 00:02:41,129 Of course, if we take a look, this 67 00:02:41,130 --> 00:02:43,559 is again, Moore's Law, the same. 68 00:02:43,560 --> 00:02:45,659 But now I show you the feature 69 00:02:45,660 --> 00:02:48,419 size, the transistor size, basically, 70 00:02:48,420 --> 00:02:51,119 that you can find on on such microchips. 71 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:53,579 And we started in the 70s 72 00:02:53,580 --> 00:02:55,799 with sizes of a few microns, 10 73 00:02:55,800 --> 00:02:57,899 microns that would compare to 74 00:02:57,900 --> 00:02:59,999 to your red blood cells, to the size 75 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:01,319 of your red blood cells. 76 00:03:01,320 --> 00:03:03,389 And we are now down to 22 77 00:03:03,390 --> 00:03:04,319 nanometers. 78 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:05,699 That's extremely small. 79 00:03:05,700 --> 00:03:07,829 And we're closing in to sizes like 80 00:03:07,830 --> 00:03:10,349 the diameter of your DNA, which is like 81 00:03:10,350 --> 00:03:12,479 two nanometers thick or 82 00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:13,480 wide. 83 00:03:14,280 --> 00:03:15,809 How is that possible? 84 00:03:15,810 --> 00:03:17,939 Well, it was possible 85 00:03:17,940 --> 00:03:19,229 by simply scaling. 86 00:03:19,230 --> 00:03:22,019 You had a technology, you had a 87 00:03:22,020 --> 00:03:24,119 method of producing these transistors 88 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:26,369 and you slightly improved them. 89 00:03:26,370 --> 00:03:28,529 And so you were able to reduce the 90 00:03:28,530 --> 00:03:29,530 feature size. 91 00:03:31,590 --> 00:03:33,959 Can can we go on like this 92 00:03:33,960 --> 00:03:35,189 forever? 93 00:03:35,190 --> 00:03:36,389 Obviously. No, 94 00:03:37,830 --> 00:03:39,989 I actually believe we already have 95 00:03:39,990 --> 00:03:42,059 seen the lowest limit that we 96 00:03:42,060 --> 00:03:44,249 can reach. There was a work group 97 00:03:44,250 --> 00:03:46,379 in 2012, I guess 98 00:03:46,380 --> 00:03:49,139 they produced the transistor 99 00:03:49,140 --> 00:03:51,659 made out of one single phosphorus 100 00:03:51,660 --> 00:03:54,029 atom in a silicon 101 00:03:54,030 --> 00:03:55,030 matrix 102 00:03:56,520 --> 00:03:56,759 form. 103 00:03:56,760 --> 00:03:58,199 At least for me, it's hard to believe 104 00:03:58,200 --> 00:04:00,329 that we can get any smaller than one 105 00:04:00,330 --> 00:04:01,530 single atom. I mean, 106 00:04:02,760 --> 00:04:05,459 in the end, you need to to to store 107 00:04:05,460 --> 00:04:07,649 the electron the the charge 108 00:04:07,650 --> 00:04:08,679 carry somewhere. 109 00:04:08,680 --> 00:04:10,919 So I think we we hit 110 00:04:10,920 --> 00:04:12,869 bottom already. 111 00:04:12,870 --> 00:04:14,999 But the problem is 112 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:17,369 not that that we will at one time, 113 00:04:17,370 --> 00:04:19,469 really. I mean that was an 114 00:04:19,470 --> 00:04:21,419 experiment in a laboratory that is 115 00:04:21,420 --> 00:04:23,519 obviously not not 116 00:04:23,520 --> 00:04:26,189 readily available microchip 117 00:04:26,190 --> 00:04:28,619 yet, but still maybe we have seen 118 00:04:28,620 --> 00:04:31,739 the lowest limit that we can reach. 119 00:04:31,740 --> 00:04:34,349 But nevertheless, already 120 00:04:34,350 --> 00:04:36,869 going there to the lowest limit 121 00:04:36,870 --> 00:04:37,870 will 122 00:04:39,660 --> 00:04:41,879 will make 123 00:04:41,880 --> 00:04:43,469 us face some problems. 124 00:04:43,470 --> 00:04:45,959 And these problems 125 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:48,119 will will arise here when 126 00:04:48,120 --> 00:04:50,999 a future size gets even slower, 127 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:53,489 because then we have to deal later. 128 00:04:53,490 --> 00:04:56,039 Then we have to deal with quantum effects 129 00:04:56,040 --> 00:04:57,379 and what that means. 130 00:04:57,380 --> 00:04:59,399 I want to show you on on the next slide 131 00:04:59,400 --> 00:05:00,959 with an easy picture. 132 00:05:00,960 --> 00:05:03,299 Again, let's start 133 00:05:03,300 --> 00:05:04,889 with the German autobahn. 134 00:05:04,890 --> 00:05:07,529 For those of you who are not coming 135 00:05:07,530 --> 00:05:09,479 from Germany, German autobahn, so great 136 00:05:09,480 --> 00:05:11,039 because you can drive as fast as you 137 00:05:11,040 --> 00:05:13,469 want. And that is not a problem 138 00:05:13,470 --> 00:05:15,659 as long as everybody stays on 139 00:05:15,660 --> 00:05:16,829 the lanes, that is 140 00:05:19,050 --> 00:05:21,209 or I should say, where you are supposed 141 00:05:21,210 --> 00:05:23,369 to be. So if you are traveling 142 00:05:23,370 --> 00:05:25,559 in that direction, you better stay 143 00:05:25,560 --> 00:05:28,199 on the right side of the German autobahn. 144 00:05:28,200 --> 00:05:30,329 If you are if you 145 00:05:30,330 --> 00:05:32,939 are somehow able to 146 00:05:32,940 --> 00:05:35,189 go over this barrier here in the middle 147 00:05:35,190 --> 00:05:36,279 and. 148 00:05:36,280 --> 00:05:38,949 Try to appear on this side, 149 00:05:38,950 --> 00:05:40,449 you and your 150 00:05:42,010 --> 00:05:44,109 opposite car drivers 151 00:05:44,110 --> 00:05:46,089 will have some some problems. 152 00:05:46,090 --> 00:05:48,999 Same is true, of course, for 153 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:50,000 microchips. 154 00:05:50,890 --> 00:05:53,259 They are somehow or can be compared 155 00:05:53,260 --> 00:05:54,009 to ultra bonds. 156 00:05:54,010 --> 00:05:55,389 We have these electronically charged 157 00:05:55,390 --> 00:05:57,699 carriers running around somewhere here 158 00:05:57,700 --> 00:05:59,829 in this Connector's and stuff. 159 00:05:59,830 --> 00:06:02,079 Transistors, as long as they stay where 160 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:03,969 we want them to be, everything is fine. 161 00:06:03,970 --> 00:06:06,069 But as soon as we come 162 00:06:06,070 --> 00:06:08,199 to really small sizes, small 163 00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:10,239 scales, something really strange is 164 00:06:10,240 --> 00:06:10,629 happening. 165 00:06:10,630 --> 00:06:13,059 And this is a beautiful simulation 166 00:06:13,060 --> 00:06:15,279 of John Christophe Benowa showing 167 00:06:15,280 --> 00:06:16,629 you one electron. 168 00:06:16,630 --> 00:06:19,749 This is this bluish, whitish thing 169 00:06:19,750 --> 00:06:22,449 moving towards Syberia, 170 00:06:22,450 --> 00:06:24,699 a barrier that this electron cannot 171 00:06:24,700 --> 00:06:25,700 surpass. 172 00:06:26,590 --> 00:06:28,239 And what you see here, most of the 173 00:06:28,240 --> 00:06:30,459 electron is reflected are the 174 00:06:30,460 --> 00:06:32,379 electron seems to be reflected. 175 00:06:32,380 --> 00:06:34,149 But what you also can see is that a 176 00:06:34,150 --> 00:06:36,789 small, whitish blob 177 00:06:36,790 --> 00:06:38,919 is actually tunneling 178 00:06:38,920 --> 00:06:40,989 through this area 179 00:06:40,990 --> 00:06:43,689 where the electron is not supposed to 180 00:06:43,690 --> 00:06:44,919 tunnel through. 181 00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:45,920 So. 182 00:06:47,330 --> 00:06:49,969 You see, when we come to small scales, 183 00:06:49,970 --> 00:06:51,709 we are heading into problems because 184 00:06:51,710 --> 00:06:53,509 electrons are freely jumping around and 185 00:06:53,510 --> 00:06:54,589 that is not what we want. 186 00:06:54,590 --> 00:06:56,959 So the question is, if we cannot avoid 187 00:06:56,960 --> 00:06:59,119 quantum mechanics, why don't we use it? 188 00:06:59,120 --> 00:07:01,669 Is there a way to use these effects? 189 00:07:01,670 --> 00:07:03,739 And this is basically what I want 190 00:07:03,740 --> 00:07:06,019 to talk today about. 191 00:07:06,020 --> 00:07:08,239 My presentation is, is in two parts. 192 00:07:08,240 --> 00:07:10,579 The first part is basic concepts 193 00:07:10,580 --> 00:07:11,660 of quantum mechanics. 194 00:07:13,250 --> 00:07:15,109 But there won't be any equations. 195 00:07:15,110 --> 00:07:18,409 So I will stick to pictures and nice 196 00:07:18,410 --> 00:07:20,689 metaphors and 197 00:07:20,690 --> 00:07:23,149 the parts will be a real realization 198 00:07:23,150 --> 00:07:25,219 of quantum computers, how we try 199 00:07:25,220 --> 00:07:27,079 to do this with diamonds. 200 00:07:28,400 --> 00:07:30,359 OK, I promised you pictures. 201 00:07:30,360 --> 00:07:32,779 So we start with this picture. 202 00:07:32,780 --> 00:07:34,929 Manolo Noya, I love him dearly. 203 00:07:36,470 --> 00:07:38,749 He made us world champion, 204 00:07:38,750 --> 00:07:41,029 but I also envy him a bit 205 00:07:41,030 --> 00:07:42,769 because the game he's playing is fairly 206 00:07:42,770 --> 00:07:44,959 simple while I'm dealing 207 00:07:44,960 --> 00:07:45,979 with quantum mechanics. 208 00:07:45,980 --> 00:07:47,570 And that's fairly not simple. 209 00:07:49,820 --> 00:07:51,949 And this guy is learning, earning 210 00:07:51,950 --> 00:07:53,779 much more money than me. 211 00:07:53,780 --> 00:07:55,879 I don't have I not 212 00:07:55,880 --> 00:07:57,829 even have a permanent position at the 213 00:07:57,830 --> 00:08:00,079 university. But anyway, let's let's 214 00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:02,689 take a look at classical soccer. 215 00:08:02,690 --> 00:08:04,849 Manolo Noya, easy game. 216 00:08:04,850 --> 00:08:07,099 He needs to information to play this easy 217 00:08:07,100 --> 00:08:09,469 game. He needs to know where the ball is. 218 00:08:09,470 --> 00:08:11,209 So he needs to know where is the position 219 00:08:11,210 --> 00:08:12,139 of the ball. 220 00:08:12,140 --> 00:08:14,239 And he needs to know where is the 221 00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:15,439 ball going. 222 00:08:15,440 --> 00:08:17,599 So the velocity, that's what physicists 223 00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:19,099 call it, velocity of the ball. 224 00:08:19,100 --> 00:08:20,989 So that means speed and direction. 225 00:08:20,990 --> 00:08:23,119 So to information, very easy 226 00:08:23,120 --> 00:08:24,259 game. 227 00:08:24,260 --> 00:08:25,940 Now we go to quantum soccer. 228 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:30,479 That's harder manual 229 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:32,668 now needs to choose whether or 230 00:08:32,669 --> 00:08:34,380 not she wants to know the position, 231 00:08:35,610 --> 00:08:36,959 then you don't know. 232 00:08:36,960 --> 00:08:38,759 Absolutely don't know where the ball is 233 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:39,760 going 234 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:43,678 or he chooses to know where the ball 235 00:08:43,679 --> 00:08:45,869 is going, then he has no 236 00:08:45,870 --> 00:08:47,249 idea where the ball is. 237 00:08:58,110 --> 00:08:59,790 You see, the game is getting harder. 238 00:09:02,430 --> 00:09:04,649 No World Cup for us in 239 00:09:04,650 --> 00:09:05,819 the case of soccer. 240 00:09:05,820 --> 00:09:07,949 So being 241 00:09:07,950 --> 00:09:09,630 more precise now, 242 00:09:11,460 --> 00:09:12,959 we can compare it now. 243 00:09:12,960 --> 00:09:15,779 We can compare classical physics 244 00:09:15,780 --> 00:09:17,849 now with quantum physics 245 00:09:17,850 --> 00:09:19,779 as we have seen classical physics. 246 00:09:19,780 --> 00:09:22,229 So if we are talking about balls, it's 247 00:09:22,230 --> 00:09:23,879 perfectly fine that we know the position 248 00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:26,189 and the velocity of a particle 249 00:09:26,190 --> 00:09:28,649 that's that changes with quantum 250 00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:31,649 quantum physics. 251 00:09:31,650 --> 00:09:33,059 Let's go back to the electron. 252 00:09:33,060 --> 00:09:35,039 You see here, this bluish reddish 253 00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:37,229 electron. And we know 254 00:09:37,230 --> 00:09:39,419 let's say we know exactly the velocity 255 00:09:39,420 --> 00:09:40,589 of the of the particle. 256 00:09:40,590 --> 00:09:42,359 We know where it is going and which 257 00:09:42,360 --> 00:09:44,849 speed. Then we don't know the 258 00:09:44,850 --> 00:09:46,559 position of the electron, actually. 259 00:09:46,560 --> 00:09:48,689 So this is not how our physicists 260 00:09:48,690 --> 00:09:49,949 would draw it. 261 00:09:49,950 --> 00:09:50,999 We like diagrams. 262 00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:53,099 So we would do something like this here. 263 00:09:53,100 --> 00:09:55,379 The X axis is the position 264 00:09:55,380 --> 00:09:57,509 of the electron. The W here 265 00:09:57,510 --> 00:09:59,909 means the probability that the electron 266 00:09:59,910 --> 00:10:02,099 is actually at that point. 267 00:10:02,100 --> 00:10:04,289 So it is very likely 268 00:10:04,290 --> 00:10:05,759 that it's somewhere here. 269 00:10:05,760 --> 00:10:07,229 But there's still the chance that is 270 00:10:07,230 --> 00:10:09,179 right of there or left of there. 271 00:10:09,180 --> 00:10:11,489 So it can be somewhere here with 272 00:10:11,490 --> 00:10:13,949 more or less probability. 273 00:10:13,950 --> 00:10:16,979 Werner Heisenberg, German physicist, 274 00:10:16,980 --> 00:10:19,259 was working on that was a founder 275 00:10:19,260 --> 00:10:21,089 of this theory. 276 00:10:21,090 --> 00:10:23,399 And this is Heisenberg's uncertainty 277 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:25,619 principle. That simply means the 278 00:10:25,620 --> 00:10:27,719 uncertainty of the position times, the 279 00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:30,059 uncertainty of the 280 00:10:30,060 --> 00:10:31,829 momentum, which is more or less the 281 00:10:31,830 --> 00:10:34,319 velocity is always bigger 282 00:10:34,320 --> 00:10:36,839 or equal to this constant. 283 00:10:36,840 --> 00:10:38,610 This is simply a no. 284 00:10:41,820 --> 00:10:43,919 This tells us something about nature, 285 00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:45,869 and this is really interesting. 286 00:10:45,870 --> 00:10:48,539 This is an intrinsic uncertainty 287 00:10:48,540 --> 00:10:50,019 which lies in nature. 288 00:10:50,020 --> 00:10:52,199 So this is not because 289 00:10:52,200 --> 00:10:54,419 our microscopes are too bad 290 00:10:54,420 --> 00:10:56,759 or we are not looking close enough. 291 00:10:56,760 --> 00:10:58,529 Where the electron is are not fast 292 00:10:58,530 --> 00:11:00,899 enough. This is an intrinsic 293 00:11:00,900 --> 00:11:02,579 uncertainty when it comes to small 294 00:11:02,580 --> 00:11:03,599 particles. 295 00:11:03,600 --> 00:11:04,900 This is how nature is 296 00:11:06,180 --> 00:11:07,079 is behaving. 297 00:11:07,080 --> 00:11:08,129 And this is really 298 00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:11,969 contri or you 299 00:11:11,970 --> 00:11:13,289 would not expect that. 300 00:11:13,290 --> 00:11:14,309 I would say 301 00:11:16,860 --> 00:11:19,379 now with this simple 302 00:11:19,380 --> 00:11:21,389 principle, we already can explain 303 00:11:21,390 --> 00:11:23,159 tunneling, quantum tunneling, the thing 304 00:11:23,160 --> 00:11:25,349 that we talked about already, 305 00:11:25,350 --> 00:11:27,569 the electron coming close to a to 306 00:11:27,570 --> 00:11:30,179 a barrier to an energy barrier or 307 00:11:30,180 --> 00:11:31,679 let's say it's a wall. 308 00:11:31,680 --> 00:11:33,209 And usually you would expect that a 309 00:11:33,210 --> 00:11:35,669 particle cannot go 310 00:11:35,670 --> 00:11:36,959 through the barrier. 311 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:39,179 But in fact, now you see this diagram 312 00:11:39,180 --> 00:11:41,879 that that we physicists love 313 00:11:41,880 --> 00:11:44,159 and now you see the probability 314 00:11:44,160 --> 00:11:46,259 says it's very probable that 315 00:11:46,260 --> 00:11:48,659 the electron is on the left side 316 00:11:48,660 --> 00:11:49,709 of the barrier. 317 00:11:49,710 --> 00:11:52,139 But there are still still a small 318 00:11:52,140 --> 00:11:54,209 probability that the electron is 319 00:11:54,210 --> 00:11:56,189 actually on the other side. 320 00:11:56,190 --> 00:11:58,769 And this is the reason why a tunneling 321 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:02,999 really happens and can be measured 322 00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:04,979 just because there is a mathematical 323 00:12:04,980 --> 00:12:07,079 probability that the particle is 324 00:12:07,080 --> 00:12:08,469 on the right side. 325 00:12:08,470 --> 00:12:10,829 It really appears on the right side every 326 00:12:10,830 --> 00:12:11,969 once in a while. 327 00:12:11,970 --> 00:12:13,829 And this is what I already showed you 328 00:12:13,830 --> 00:12:16,109 with this beautiful, beautiful 329 00:12:16,110 --> 00:12:18,239 animation and simulation by 330 00:12:18,240 --> 00:12:19,519 Jean-Christophe Arm. 331 00:12:21,630 --> 00:12:24,080 Yeah, this is physicist Humar 332 00:12:25,560 --> 00:12:26,849 told you a Heisenberg. 333 00:12:26,850 --> 00:12:29,340 This is actually a toilet in my faculty. 334 00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:33,449 This is what physicists laugh about. 335 00:12:33,450 --> 00:12:34,559 But anyway, 336 00:12:36,390 --> 00:12:39,749 OK, we talked about uncertainty, 337 00:12:39,750 --> 00:12:42,779 uncertainty in position and velocities. 338 00:12:42,780 --> 00:12:45,029 But this is not only true for 339 00:12:45,030 --> 00:12:46,919 positions and velocities, but also for 340 00:12:46,920 --> 00:12:47,999 quantum states. 341 00:12:50,890 --> 00:12:53,139 What I mean with that, let's 342 00:12:53,140 --> 00:12:54,849 talk about information, so a classical 343 00:12:54,850 --> 00:12:56,769 bit, you all know, can be turned on, turn 344 00:12:56,770 --> 00:12:58,839 off or in binary code it can 345 00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:00,039 be one or zero 346 00:13:01,420 --> 00:13:02,379 with quantum bits. 347 00:13:02,380 --> 00:13:05,029 It's a little bit different. 348 00:13:05,030 --> 00:13:07,959 And we already talked about uncertainty. 349 00:13:07,960 --> 00:13:09,909 And the same is true here for quantum 350 00:13:09,910 --> 00:13:11,979 bits. If we talk about states of quantum 351 00:13:11,980 --> 00:13:14,769 bits, you see here 352 00:13:14,770 --> 00:13:16,959 the the the quantum 353 00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:19,089 bits, the cubitt can also be one or 354 00:13:19,090 --> 00:13:21,429 zero, but it can be everything 355 00:13:21,430 --> 00:13:22,599 in between. 356 00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:23,799 That's what physicists call a 357 00:13:23,800 --> 00:13:24,800 superposition. 358 00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:29,350 These super positions are really 359 00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:33,369 excuse my language, Fickell, because 360 00:13:33,370 --> 00:13:35,469 they only you 361 00:13:35,470 --> 00:13:38,019 only have a superposition when 362 00:13:38,020 --> 00:13:40,450 when you don't look at at the cubitt. 363 00:13:41,680 --> 00:13:43,809 So you don't you 364 00:13:43,810 --> 00:13:45,459 are not allowed to make any measurements. 365 00:13:45,460 --> 00:13:47,559 As soon as you make a measurement, 366 00:13:47,560 --> 00:13:49,659 you end up with a with a clear 367 00:13:49,660 --> 00:13:51,849 one or zero as a state 368 00:13:51,850 --> 00:13:52,809 for the covid. 369 00:13:52,810 --> 00:13:54,879 But as long as you don't look inside 370 00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:56,829 the box, no information in, no 371 00:13:56,830 --> 00:13:58,989 information out, then you have 372 00:13:58,990 --> 00:14:00,610 the superposition this 373 00:14:01,750 --> 00:14:03,819 any state in between and you 374 00:14:03,820 --> 00:14:05,439 can actually work with this 375 00:14:05,440 --> 00:14:06,440 superposition. 376 00:14:08,690 --> 00:14:10,909 So is that the same? 377 00:14:12,050 --> 00:14:14,329 As when I would take a coin 378 00:14:14,330 --> 00:14:16,399 flip, that coin captured it in front 379 00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:18,589 of 400 people and keep my 380 00:14:18,590 --> 00:14:21,619 hands cover covering up to 381 00:14:21,620 --> 00:14:24,919 the coin, is that a superposition? 382 00:14:24,920 --> 00:14:26,599 No, it is not. 383 00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:28,939 This this the state 384 00:14:28,940 --> 00:14:31,429 of my coin is described by 385 00:14:31,430 --> 00:14:33,529 you basically probability it's 386 00:14:33,530 --> 00:14:35,839 50 50. Either it is heads 387 00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:38,209 or either or it's tails. 388 00:14:38,210 --> 00:14:39,979 And of course, my ignorance, because I 389 00:14:39,980 --> 00:14:42,109 haven't looked yet, but the fate of 390 00:14:42,110 --> 00:14:44,690 the coin is already chosen. 391 00:14:45,830 --> 00:14:48,019 That's quite philosophical, 392 00:14:49,460 --> 00:14:50,809 OK? The fate is chosen. 393 00:14:50,810 --> 00:14:52,769 If I uncover it, I see the result. 394 00:14:52,770 --> 00:14:54,679 But the result was there before. 395 00:14:54,680 --> 00:14:56,659 This is not true for superposition of 396 00:14:56,660 --> 00:14:57,559 cubits. 397 00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:00,289 As long as we haven't looked at 398 00:15:00,290 --> 00:15:02,719 the fate of the cube, it wasn't 399 00:15:02,720 --> 00:15:03,769 decided yet. 400 00:15:03,770 --> 00:15:05,389 There is no records there. 401 00:15:05,390 --> 00:15:07,759 There is no decision made yet. 402 00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:10,220 And this is what made makes cubits 403 00:15:11,270 --> 00:15:13,659 more powerful than 404 00:15:13,660 --> 00:15:16,069 all. That's one reason why it why there 405 00:15:16,070 --> 00:15:18,169 is power in the concept of quantum 406 00:15:18,170 --> 00:15:19,170 mechanics. 407 00:15:21,170 --> 00:15:23,539 Now, let's talk about we already 408 00:15:23,540 --> 00:15:25,639 talked about cubits, but the question 409 00:15:25,640 --> 00:15:27,529 you could ask now is, of course, what is 410 00:15:27,530 --> 00:15:29,479 a cubit? So, I mean, in real life, where 411 00:15:29,480 --> 00:15:31,429 where can I see one? 412 00:15:31,430 --> 00:15:33,019 We start again with a classical 413 00:15:33,020 --> 00:15:34,929 comparison, one and zero. 414 00:15:34,930 --> 00:15:37,249 We could take this this spinning tops 415 00:15:37,250 --> 00:15:39,319 as a as as yet another 416 00:15:39,320 --> 00:15:41,389 picture is. 417 00:15:41,390 --> 00:15:43,459 Either it is facing down and 418 00:15:43,460 --> 00:15:46,639 turning anticlockwise 419 00:15:46,640 --> 00:15:48,829 or it is facing up and it's 420 00:15:48,830 --> 00:15:51,439 turning clockwise. 421 00:15:51,440 --> 00:15:52,549 The same is true. 422 00:15:55,280 --> 00:15:58,519 Actually, it is not true for cubits. 423 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:02,089 Cubits are small particles 424 00:16:02,090 --> 00:16:04,519 and small particles 425 00:16:04,520 --> 00:16:05,629 like electrons, 426 00:16:06,860 --> 00:16:08,959 protons, photons. 427 00:16:08,960 --> 00:16:11,239 They have a property 428 00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:13,309 that physicists call the 429 00:16:13,310 --> 00:16:14,310 quantum spin. 430 00:16:15,740 --> 00:16:18,049 You should not mix this 431 00:16:18,050 --> 00:16:19,489 spin with a quantum spin. 432 00:16:19,490 --> 00:16:21,499 So actually the electron is not turning 433 00:16:21,500 --> 00:16:23,719 and spinning, but still 434 00:16:23,720 --> 00:16:25,739 it's a nice picture. So we use it. 435 00:16:25,740 --> 00:16:29,089 But what you really can measure and see 436 00:16:29,090 --> 00:16:31,699 is that qubits have a small 437 00:16:31,700 --> 00:16:33,799 magnetic field, 438 00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:35,629 so they have a North Pole and a South 439 00:16:35,630 --> 00:16:36,409 Pole. 440 00:16:36,410 --> 00:16:38,659 And that's pretty that that 441 00:16:38,660 --> 00:16:40,759 comes handy because we now can 442 00:16:40,760 --> 00:16:42,949 manipulate the state of the of the 443 00:16:42,950 --> 00:16:45,199 cubit if we take a rather 444 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:47,389 strong magnetic field and 445 00:16:47,390 --> 00:16:49,549 we bring in our our 446 00:16:49,550 --> 00:16:51,889 cubitt, it will very 447 00:16:51,890 --> 00:16:54,379 likely align 448 00:16:54,380 --> 00:16:56,629 in the position of the lowest energy. 449 00:16:56,630 --> 00:16:58,849 That means, of course, the North Pole of 450 00:16:58,850 --> 00:17:01,519 the of the magnets will face to the south 451 00:17:01,520 --> 00:17:04,009 and the South Pole of our little Cubitt 452 00:17:04,010 --> 00:17:06,019 magnet will face to the north 453 00:17:07,220 --> 00:17:08,389 just like a compass needle. 454 00:17:08,390 --> 00:17:10,459 Of course, it can open the compass 455 00:17:10,460 --> 00:17:12,559 and invest a little bit of energy and 456 00:17:12,560 --> 00:17:14,749 turn the compass needle in the other 457 00:17:14,750 --> 00:17:17,299 direction. The same you can do here. 458 00:17:17,300 --> 00:17:19,459 You can invest a little bit of energy 459 00:17:19,460 --> 00:17:21,709 and turn the needle the other way around. 460 00:17:21,710 --> 00:17:23,118 This is other state. 461 00:17:23,119 --> 00:17:25,309 It's a higher energy state and we 462 00:17:25,310 --> 00:17:27,439 also use that in our 463 00:17:27,440 --> 00:17:30,109 cubitt so you can 464 00:17:30,110 --> 00:17:32,809 produce one and zero positions 465 00:17:32,810 --> 00:17:35,029 of your cubitt. And we come back to that 466 00:17:35,030 --> 00:17:37,159 later when I show you how we actually do 467 00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:38,160 this. 468 00:17:39,020 --> 00:17:41,149 So then we are at a point where we need 469 00:17:41,150 --> 00:17:42,109 to information. 470 00:17:42,110 --> 00:17:44,239 So how probable is it that we find 471 00:17:44,240 --> 00:17:46,729 our Cubitt in a 472 00:17:46,730 --> 00:17:48,859 up facing position and how probable 473 00:17:48,860 --> 00:17:50,569 is it that it will face down? 474 00:17:50,570 --> 00:17:52,909 So two numbers and we can describe 475 00:17:52,910 --> 00:17:53,899 our cubitt. 476 00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:56,389 That's not very exciting, 477 00:17:56,390 --> 00:17:58,639 I would say, but it gets 478 00:17:58,640 --> 00:18:00,799 exciting when we start looking at 479 00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:02,869 more than one Cubitt, because 480 00:18:02,870 --> 00:18:03,919 then is something 481 00:18:05,210 --> 00:18:07,159 very interesting happening. 482 00:18:07,160 --> 00:18:09,199 Let's start first again with two two bit 483 00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:11,419 systems, both spins 484 00:18:11,420 --> 00:18:13,729 or this year, both down, one down, 485 00:18:13,730 --> 00:18:16,129 up, up, down, up, up. 486 00:18:16,130 --> 00:18:18,619 And of course, you know, one one two 487 00:18:18,620 --> 00:18:19,999 two zero zero. 488 00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:22,279 So although the system, our two 489 00:18:22,280 --> 00:18:24,289 classical bits system can have four 490 00:18:24,290 --> 00:18:26,689 states, we need to information 491 00:18:26,690 --> 00:18:29,029 to wholly describe the 492 00:18:29,030 --> 00:18:30,919 system. You need to information. 493 00:18:30,920 --> 00:18:32,869 What is the state of the first bit? 494 00:18:32,870 --> 00:18:35,299 What is the state of the second bit? 495 00:18:35,300 --> 00:18:37,969 That's gets a little bit more complicated 496 00:18:37,970 --> 00:18:40,039 when we come to Kupets and I spare 497 00:18:40,040 --> 00:18:41,869 you the and 498 00:18:43,310 --> 00:18:45,589 even more, I spare me the mathematics 499 00:18:45,590 --> 00:18:47,989 behind it to Cubitt 500 00:18:47,990 --> 00:18:48,990 system. 501 00:18:50,510 --> 00:18:51,869 It can be easy. 502 00:18:51,870 --> 00:18:54,049 Let's say this this case here, both 503 00:18:54,050 --> 00:18:56,149 cubists facing up very easy to 504 00:18:56,150 --> 00:18:58,459 qubits facing down very easy. 505 00:18:58,460 --> 00:19:00,979 But this year isn't easy, isn't 506 00:19:00,980 --> 00:19:02,899 easy at all. 507 00:19:02,900 --> 00:19:05,719 This is what physicists call entanglement 508 00:19:05,720 --> 00:19:06,720 in that state. 509 00:19:08,090 --> 00:19:10,219 The one cubit is facing up, the other one 510 00:19:10,220 --> 00:19:12,619 is facing down and the two Cubitt 511 00:19:12,620 --> 00:19:14,629 system that entangled Cubitt system is 512 00:19:14,630 --> 00:19:16,819 perfectly free in whatever direction 513 00:19:16,820 --> 00:19:18,049 it wants to face. 514 00:19:18,050 --> 00:19:19,819 We were already talking about that when 515 00:19:19,820 --> 00:19:22,129 when I introduced the superposition. 516 00:19:22,130 --> 00:19:24,079 But the same is here, the entanglement. 517 00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:26,179 Now we have two cubits and they can face 518 00:19:26,180 --> 00:19:28,669 in whatever direction they want. 519 00:19:28,670 --> 00:19:31,039 So they are more or less perfectly free. 520 00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:32,149 With one exception. 521 00:19:32,150 --> 00:19:34,219 The one cubit is facing the one 522 00:19:34,220 --> 00:19:36,289 way, the other one is facing the other 523 00:19:36,290 --> 00:19:38,449 way. So you see, you need more 524 00:19:38,450 --> 00:19:41,599 information to describe such a system. 525 00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:44,149 In fact, for a two cubitt system, 526 00:19:44,150 --> 00:19:46,009 you need for information. 527 00:19:46,010 --> 00:19:48,109 So a D 528 00:19:48,110 --> 00:19:51,079 and this entanglement states 529 00:19:51,080 --> 00:19:53,149 B and C, which comes 530 00:19:53,150 --> 00:19:55,609 out of rather complicated 531 00:19:55,610 --> 00:19:58,339 mathematical calculations 532 00:19:58,340 --> 00:20:00,439 for inflammations 533 00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:02,149 for two cubits. 534 00:20:02,150 --> 00:20:04,129 But it's getting more extreme if we are 535 00:20:04,130 --> 00:20:06,559 talking about more than one or 536 00:20:06,560 --> 00:20:08,899 two bits versus 537 00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:10,129 two cubits. 538 00:20:10,130 --> 00:20:12,709 You see here the classical bit system. 539 00:20:12,710 --> 00:20:15,139 Of course, you already 540 00:20:15,140 --> 00:20:17,389 already know 10 541 00:20:17,390 --> 00:20:18,829 normal classical bits. 542 00:20:18,830 --> 00:20:21,259 You need 10 information and information, 543 00:20:21,260 --> 00:20:23,509 four and bits, but four cubits. 544 00:20:23,510 --> 00:20:25,909 It's two to the power of an information. 545 00:20:25,910 --> 00:20:27,979 So this system is 546 00:20:27,980 --> 00:20:30,499 getting rather complicated 547 00:20:30,500 --> 00:20:31,500 fast. 548 00:20:34,010 --> 00:20:36,439 In fact, if we would succeed 549 00:20:36,440 --> 00:20:39,799 in having 300 550 00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:42,529 perfectly entangled cubits, 551 00:20:42,530 --> 00:20:44,629 this number here, two to the power of 552 00:20:44,630 --> 00:20:46,729 300, is so big that you 553 00:20:46,730 --> 00:20:48,799 need more information than we 554 00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:49,800 have. 555 00:20:50,570 --> 00:20:52,579 Then we have particles in the known 556 00:20:52,580 --> 00:20:54,769 universe to describe this system. 557 00:20:54,770 --> 00:20:56,869 So you see the system 558 00:20:56,870 --> 00:20:59,359 is getting getting complicated, but 559 00:20:59,360 --> 00:21:01,189 of course, you can formulated the other 560 00:21:01,190 --> 00:21:02,659 way around. 561 00:21:02,660 --> 00:21:05,239 We have a complicated system so we can 562 00:21:05,240 --> 00:21:07,279 work on complicated problems. 563 00:21:08,690 --> 00:21:10,790 And I touched back on that, 564 00:21:12,240 --> 00:21:13,879 I guess, on the next slide. 565 00:21:13,880 --> 00:21:15,859 But first, I have to show you one more 566 00:21:15,860 --> 00:21:18,649 thing concerning the strange nature 567 00:21:18,650 --> 00:21:19,650 of cubits. 568 00:21:21,770 --> 00:21:24,199 Again, we started with the register, 569 00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:26,329 if you want to do calculations or if you 570 00:21:26,330 --> 00:21:28,639 want to rewrite the information in such 571 00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:30,650 a register, you need. 572 00:21:31,960 --> 00:21:34,299 You need steps, 573 00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:36,699 process steps, so that takes time, so 574 00:21:36,700 --> 00:21:38,889 calculation's rewriting of the 575 00:21:38,890 --> 00:21:39,890 register 576 00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:43,989 positions here takes takes your time 577 00:21:43,990 --> 00:21:46,239 in entangles 578 00:21:46,240 --> 00:21:48,749 systems and cubitt superposition 579 00:21:48,750 --> 00:21:51,159 or entangles to Cubitt 580 00:21:51,160 --> 00:21:52,160 systems. 581 00:21:53,590 --> 00:21:55,689 This looks a little bit different than I 582 00:21:55,690 --> 00:21:58,419 have already told you about that 583 00:21:58,420 --> 00:22:00,189 I told you about this entanglement that 584 00:22:00,190 --> 00:22:02,889 we have this to entangled cubits 585 00:22:02,890 --> 00:22:04,689 and that they are not independent of each 586 00:22:04,690 --> 00:22:07,119 other. So if the one is facing 587 00:22:07,120 --> 00:22:08,589 the one direction, the other one is 588 00:22:08,590 --> 00:22:09,940 facing the other direction. 589 00:22:11,140 --> 00:22:13,299 And that has a consequence 590 00:22:13,300 --> 00:22:15,669 in so far that if you 591 00:22:15,670 --> 00:22:18,519 manipulate one of those cubits, 592 00:22:18,520 --> 00:22:19,659 you manipulate 593 00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:22,719 all of them immediately. 594 00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:24,069 And that's, of course, 595 00:22:27,220 --> 00:22:29,469 there lies a real power because 596 00:22:29,470 --> 00:22:31,929 you you can in parallel to 597 00:22:31,930 --> 00:22:33,879 operations that you couldn't do in a 598 00:22:33,880 --> 00:22:34,989 classical computer. 599 00:22:37,030 --> 00:22:39,969 Are our quantum computers 600 00:22:39,970 --> 00:22:42,309 faster for every 601 00:22:42,310 --> 00:22:44,109 problem, for all the problems? 602 00:22:44,110 --> 00:22:46,929 Well, no, they are not. 603 00:22:46,930 --> 00:22:49,119 In fact, for most of the problems, 604 00:22:49,120 --> 00:22:51,699 there are actually slower. 605 00:22:51,700 --> 00:22:54,099 If you would sit on your couch 606 00:22:54,100 --> 00:22:55,100 and stream a movie, 607 00:22:56,170 --> 00:22:58,599 the quantum computer wouldn't have any 608 00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:00,249 advantage. 609 00:23:00,250 --> 00:23:02,709 There are specific problems where 610 00:23:02,710 --> 00:23:04,839 quantum computers have 611 00:23:04,840 --> 00:23:06,969 the edge over classical computers, and 612 00:23:06,970 --> 00:23:09,159 that's problems that 613 00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:11,439 you are, of course, familiar with. 614 00:23:11,440 --> 00:23:13,719 For example, the public key encryption 615 00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:16,029 protocol, which basically is 616 00:23:16,030 --> 00:23:18,129 based on the fact that it's very, very 617 00:23:18,130 --> 00:23:20,499 easy to take to integer 618 00:23:20,500 --> 00:23:22,809 numbers, prime numbers 619 00:23:22,810 --> 00:23:24,039 and multiply them. 620 00:23:24,040 --> 00:23:26,229 And everybody of you could do that 621 00:23:26,230 --> 00:23:28,089 within a minute, I guess, and tell me 622 00:23:28,090 --> 00:23:29,949 that the result is this large number 623 00:23:29,950 --> 00:23:32,169 here. It is more complicated 624 00:23:32,170 --> 00:23:33,549 to do it the other way around. 625 00:23:33,550 --> 00:23:35,409 If I would ask you, what are the prime 626 00:23:35,410 --> 00:23:37,419 numbers that, if multiplied, give this 627 00:23:37,420 --> 00:23:38,119 number? 628 00:23:38,120 --> 00:23:40,359 This is incredibly 629 00:23:40,360 --> 00:23:42,489 hard and so hard that that classical 630 00:23:42,490 --> 00:23:45,189 computers needs thousands of years 631 00:23:45,190 --> 00:23:47,289 to do that and a quantum computer 632 00:23:47,290 --> 00:23:49,359 would only need some minutes 633 00:23:49,360 --> 00:23:50,769 to do that. 634 00:23:50,770 --> 00:23:52,869 The reason is that this that 635 00:23:52,870 --> 00:23:55,329 a lot of calculations can be 636 00:23:55,330 --> 00:23:57,789 or can be processed in parallel 637 00:23:57,790 --> 00:23:59,949 in another or other non 638 00:23:59,950 --> 00:24:02,889 reciprocal problems are also 639 00:24:02,890 --> 00:24:05,319 problems that seems to be very suitable 640 00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:07,239 for quantum computers. 641 00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:09,489 For example, this year, the phone book 642 00:24:09,490 --> 00:24:11,619 problem. It is very easy for you 643 00:24:11,620 --> 00:24:13,449 if I ask you for the telephone, I give 644 00:24:13,450 --> 00:24:15,339 you a telephone book and ask you for the 645 00:24:15,340 --> 00:24:16,839 number of John Doe. 646 00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:19,509 You could easily tell me the number. 647 00:24:19,510 --> 00:24:21,579 If I just give you a number 648 00:24:21,580 --> 00:24:24,069 and you are supposed to find me the name 649 00:24:24,070 --> 00:24:26,139 from this phone book, that 650 00:24:26,140 --> 00:24:28,899 will be rather hard. 651 00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:31,059 And this, again, is a problem 652 00:24:31,060 --> 00:24:33,609 that can be solved with quantum computers 653 00:24:33,610 --> 00:24:35,979 more effectively. 654 00:24:35,980 --> 00:24:38,049 In fact, I told you, 655 00:24:38,050 --> 00:24:39,519 I'm not very strong in quantum 656 00:24:39,520 --> 00:24:42,159 algorithms, but I show you at least 657 00:24:42,160 --> 00:24:44,469 the more famous 658 00:24:44,470 --> 00:24:45,999 algorithms that were found. 659 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:48,069 And they were actually found quite some 660 00:24:48,070 --> 00:24:51,069 years ago, 1994 and 1996, 661 00:24:51,070 --> 00:24:54,159 the shore over a rhythm's algorithm, 662 00:24:54,160 --> 00:24:57,249 which is for intentional factorization. 663 00:24:57,250 --> 00:24:59,559 I talked about you see here, if 664 00:24:59,560 --> 00:25:01,629 we take a typical example, 665 00:25:01,630 --> 00:25:04,149 then you see that classical computer 666 00:25:04,150 --> 00:25:06,249 would need 10 to the power of 19 667 00:25:06,250 --> 00:25:08,619 steps, while the quantum computer only 668 00:25:08,620 --> 00:25:11,319 needs around 90 steps. 669 00:25:11,320 --> 00:25:12,819 And the same for the phone book, 670 00:25:14,260 --> 00:25:15,459 60 million entries. 671 00:25:15,460 --> 00:25:17,859 The only strategy basically that 672 00:25:17,860 --> 00:25:19,210 that a classical computer 673 00:25:20,470 --> 00:25:23,109 have is starting at a and go through 674 00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:24,539 till he finds the number. 675 00:25:24,540 --> 00:25:26,409 No, it's not starting with a but we 676 00:25:26,410 --> 00:25:28,269 started with a telephone number, but he's 677 00:25:28,270 --> 00:25:29,949 starting with the first entry and go 678 00:25:29,950 --> 00:25:31,419 through the entries. 679 00:25:31,420 --> 00:25:33,819 And at 680 00:25:33,820 --> 00:25:35,979 one time he by chance finds 681 00:25:35,980 --> 00:25:38,049 the right name to the number and the 682 00:25:38,050 --> 00:25:40,649 quantum computer is faster there 683 00:25:40,650 --> 00:25:42,759 with a lot of less steps to 684 00:25:42,760 --> 00:25:45,189 find the right name 685 00:25:45,190 --> 00:25:46,899 to to a number. 686 00:25:46,900 --> 00:25:49,749 So I told you, 687 00:25:49,750 --> 00:25:51,249 I'm not strong here. 688 00:25:51,250 --> 00:25:53,469 But the message I want to send with this 689 00:25:53,470 --> 00:25:55,149 with this picture is this year the bottom 690 00:25:55,150 --> 00:25:56,989 line, we have the algorithm. 691 00:25:56,990 --> 00:25:59,649 So we need hardware now. 692 00:25:59,650 --> 00:26:02,829 So give us the hardware and 693 00:26:02,830 --> 00:26:04,479 we are taking. 694 00:26:06,230 --> 00:26:08,619 If we are OK, if we are taking 695 00:26:08,620 --> 00:26:11,329 it or talking about the realization 696 00:26:11,330 --> 00:26:13,339 of a quantum computer, it was a nice 697 00:26:13,340 --> 00:26:15,919 paper from a from a guy in 698 00:26:15,920 --> 00:26:18,139 from the University 699 00:26:18,140 --> 00:26:20,269 of Chancel, 700 00:26:20,270 --> 00:26:22,879 he established a de Vincenzo 701 00:26:22,880 --> 00:26:24,649 criteria for quantum computers. 702 00:26:24,650 --> 00:26:26,539 So you said if you want to realize 703 00:26:26,540 --> 00:26:29,119 quantum computers, we need to realize 704 00:26:29,120 --> 00:26:31,369 or address these problems in 705 00:26:31,370 --> 00:26:32,569 four quantum computers. 706 00:26:33,590 --> 00:26:34,819 And they are pretty obvious. 707 00:26:34,820 --> 00:26:36,679 We need well-defined cubits. 708 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:39,289 Of course, we need qubits that are 709 00:26:39,290 --> 00:26:41,329 that we can track, that we keep in place. 710 00:26:41,330 --> 00:26:43,399 And the next thing 711 00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:45,229 is we need to initialize them, that we 712 00:26:45,230 --> 00:26:47,419 need to give them a pure state, either 713 00:26:47,420 --> 00:26:49,759 superposition or tell them B one 714 00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:51,379 or B zero. 715 00:26:51,380 --> 00:26:53,599 We need quantum gates, of course, to do 716 00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:55,640 operations algorithms. 717 00:26:57,440 --> 00:26:59,869 We need measurements to read out 718 00:26:59,870 --> 00:27:01,999 our kupets whether or not they are 719 00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:03,769 one or zero at the end of our 720 00:27:03,770 --> 00:27:04,999 calculation. 721 00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:07,219 And we need long coherence times 722 00:27:07,220 --> 00:27:08,530 that need that means. 723 00:27:09,650 --> 00:27:11,899 I told you already our super positions, 724 00:27:11,900 --> 00:27:13,969 our qubits, their fickle and 725 00:27:13,970 --> 00:27:16,579 they don't they they act 726 00:27:16,580 --> 00:27:18,559 strange and randomly at times. 727 00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:21,260 So we need qubits that are rather 728 00:27:22,460 --> 00:27:23,989 stable. 729 00:27:23,990 --> 00:27:26,449 OK, we need to address all of this 730 00:27:26,450 --> 00:27:28,009 in in the next slides. 731 00:27:28,010 --> 00:27:30,679 But let's start with the shortest 732 00:27:30,680 --> 00:27:32,630 overview of quantum computing here. 733 00:27:34,740 --> 00:27:37,309 2001, IBM 734 00:27:37,310 --> 00:27:39,589 showed the first real quantum 735 00:27:39,590 --> 00:27:42,379 computer and our computer 736 00:27:42,380 --> 00:27:44,749 nuclear magnetic resonance computer, 737 00:27:44,750 --> 00:27:47,449 and they actually had a short algorithm 738 00:27:47,450 --> 00:27:49,219 running on it. 739 00:27:49,220 --> 00:27:50,220 They're the. 740 00:27:51,300 --> 00:27:53,369 So that they they used to shore up 741 00:27:53,370 --> 00:27:55,709 a rhythm to do this factorization problem 742 00:27:55,710 --> 00:27:57,809 I showed you, and the 743 00:27:57,810 --> 00:27:59,669 incredible number they were able to 744 00:27:59,670 --> 00:28:01,799 process was find the 745 00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:03,779 prime numbers of this number. 746 00:28:06,070 --> 00:28:08,169 Is anybody capable of doing that here? 747 00:28:10,750 --> 00:28:12,999 All right, the gentleman said not not 748 00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:15,519 at this time, but usually I would say 749 00:28:15,520 --> 00:28:17,739 you you are as good 750 00:28:17,740 --> 00:28:19,989 as a quantum computer when it's not 751 00:28:19,990 --> 00:28:22,569 that early on a 752 00:28:22,570 --> 00:28:24,489 on a Congress day. 753 00:28:24,490 --> 00:28:26,799 OK, it's I give you the result. 754 00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:27,849 It's three and five. 755 00:28:36,040 --> 00:28:37,040 Oh, man, 756 00:28:38,110 --> 00:28:40,390 I felt with my heavy metal band and now 757 00:28:42,310 --> 00:28:44,379 I prepared a good looking 758 00:28:44,380 --> 00:28:46,509 presentation and all I need to do to 759 00:28:46,510 --> 00:28:48,409 impress you is giving you the prime 760 00:28:48,410 --> 00:28:49,410 numbers. 761 00:28:49,930 --> 00:28:52,209 And I have I really 762 00:28:52,210 --> 00:28:54,489 have to rethink my my life after 763 00:28:54,490 --> 00:28:55,490 this Congress. 764 00:28:57,110 --> 00:28:59,289 OK, that was 2001, 765 00:28:59,290 --> 00:29:01,959 2005, 2011. 766 00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:03,339 Incremental 767 00:29:05,920 --> 00:29:07,930 improvements of the quantum computers, 768 00:29:09,490 --> 00:29:12,069 2011 hyphy China, 769 00:29:12,070 --> 00:29:14,679 four cubits giving you the number of 770 00:29:14,680 --> 00:29:16,899 the prime numbers of this number. 771 00:29:16,900 --> 00:29:20,229 And these are other implementations 772 00:29:20,230 --> 00:29:21,999 of quantum computers, as you know. 773 00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:24,879 I will talk now about diamonds 774 00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:26,899 and quantum computers with diamonds. 775 00:29:26,900 --> 00:29:29,469 But if you're interested in these 776 00:29:29,470 --> 00:29:31,899 implementations, I strongly suggest 777 00:29:31,900 --> 00:29:34,149 if you haven't seen it, the 778 00:29:34,150 --> 00:29:35,859 wonderful presentation, Let's Build a 779 00:29:35,860 --> 00:29:37,989 Quantum Computer by Andreas Davies on 780 00:29:37,990 --> 00:29:40,959 this at this Congress. 781 00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:43,329 Rewash it if you haven't seen it, because 782 00:29:43,330 --> 00:29:44,330 it was really 783 00:29:47,050 --> 00:29:49,449 fascinating to see those concepts. 784 00:29:49,450 --> 00:29:50,450 I'm 785 00:29:51,790 --> 00:29:53,139 the problem. 786 00:29:53,140 --> 00:29:55,919 Oh, I missed my joke. 787 00:29:55,920 --> 00:29:56,920 You don't have. 788 00:30:02,980 --> 00:30:04,839 OK, what I wanted to say is, 789 00:30:06,220 --> 00:30:08,559 although Andreas realized a 790 00:30:08,560 --> 00:30:11,019 quantum computer here with these methods, 791 00:30:11,020 --> 00:30:13,119 they have some kind of drawback. 792 00:30:13,120 --> 00:30:14,919 All these implementations are rather 793 00:30:14,920 --> 00:30:15,969 complicated. 794 00:30:15,970 --> 00:30:17,679 You need large lasers. 795 00:30:17,680 --> 00:30:19,029 You need vacuum chambers. 796 00:30:19,030 --> 00:30:21,429 You need strong electromagnetic fields 797 00:30:21,430 --> 00:30:22,899 to trap your cubits. 798 00:30:22,900 --> 00:30:26,139 So this is nothing that 799 00:30:26,140 --> 00:30:28,569 that you would put on your office desk. 800 00:30:28,570 --> 00:30:30,939 So this is what I call 801 00:30:30,940 --> 00:30:32,989 and police act surprised. 802 00:30:32,990 --> 00:30:34,510 But as physics. 803 00:30:43,240 --> 00:30:45,039 So, of course, physicists were looking 804 00:30:45,040 --> 00:30:48,129 for four alternatives 805 00:30:48,130 --> 00:30:50,439 and they were pretty surprised to find 806 00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:52,119 an alternative here 807 00:30:53,710 --> 00:30:55,839 in diamonds, actually diamonds 808 00:30:55,840 --> 00:30:58,119 have extremely stable 809 00:30:58,120 --> 00:30:59,120 cubits 810 00:31:00,820 --> 00:31:02,019 at room temperature. 811 00:31:02,020 --> 00:31:03,819 You don't even need to cool down your 812 00:31:03,820 --> 00:31:04,809 devices. 813 00:31:04,810 --> 00:31:06,879 So this is something where scientists are 814 00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:09,519 really looking at and hoping for 815 00:31:09,520 --> 00:31:11,619 for improvement in the field 816 00:31:11,620 --> 00:31:13,419 of quantum computers because the diamond 817 00:31:13,420 --> 00:31:15,969 has such an incredible, such incredible 818 00:31:15,970 --> 00:31:16,929 properties. 819 00:31:16,930 --> 00:31:19,659 And I will tell you now why 820 00:31:19,660 --> 00:31:20,619 they are so incredible. 821 00:31:20,620 --> 00:31:21,849 But actually, we don't. 822 00:31:21,850 --> 00:31:24,219 What we need is not we we don't need 823 00:31:24,220 --> 00:31:26,319 perfect diamonds, but we need 824 00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:28,119 diamonds with small defects. 825 00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:30,309 And I like this this quote 826 00:31:30,310 --> 00:31:32,649 here from Colin Humphreys, a physicist. 827 00:31:32,650 --> 00:31:34,179 Crystals are like people. 828 00:31:34,180 --> 00:31:35,949 It's the defects in them which tend to 829 00:31:35,950 --> 00:31:38,019 make them interesting like that very 830 00:31:38,020 --> 00:31:40,209 much because we don't need 831 00:31:40,210 --> 00:31:41,619 perfect diamonds. 832 00:31:41,620 --> 00:31:44,049 We need diamonds with specific 833 00:31:44,050 --> 00:31:45,099 defects in them. 834 00:31:46,150 --> 00:31:47,289 This is a diamond. 835 00:31:47,290 --> 00:31:50,139 Lettice Diamond is made out of carbon. 836 00:31:50,140 --> 00:31:52,299 And what you see here is 837 00:31:52,300 --> 00:31:54,099 the special effect. I'm talking about the 838 00:31:54,100 --> 00:31:56,529 N.V. Center and the M stands 839 00:31:56,530 --> 00:31:58,749 for nitrogen and the V stands 840 00:31:58,750 --> 00:32:01,059 for vacancy or void. 841 00:32:01,060 --> 00:32:02,709 So a missing carbon atom. 842 00:32:02,710 --> 00:32:04,389 So that's what what you see here. 843 00:32:04,390 --> 00:32:06,849 There's the nitrogen atom 844 00:32:06,850 --> 00:32:09,089 and there is the the void, 845 00:32:09,090 --> 00:32:11,199 the missing, the vacancy, the 846 00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:13,539 missing carbon atom. 847 00:32:13,540 --> 00:32:15,729 And this this structure 848 00:32:15,730 --> 00:32:16,839 in a diamond. The N.V. 849 00:32:16,840 --> 00:32:19,479 Center has remarkable properties. 850 00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:21,699 They are a very excellent trap for 851 00:32:21,700 --> 00:32:24,729 electrons. And we already talked about 852 00:32:24,730 --> 00:32:27,069 that, that electrons have a quantum spin. 853 00:32:27,070 --> 00:32:29,649 So we have a trap for electrons. 854 00:32:29,650 --> 00:32:32,349 The electron stays at that position 855 00:32:32,350 --> 00:32:34,539 and it's rather stable 856 00:32:34,540 --> 00:32:36,670 for some reasons in 857 00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:40,119 those qubits have a long coherence time 858 00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:41,949 at room temperature and diamond 859 00:32:43,390 --> 00:32:45,629 question now, of course, is, 860 00:32:45,630 --> 00:32:47,529 oh, let's start with this here. 861 00:32:47,530 --> 00:32:49,689 We succeeded with the first point. 862 00:32:49,690 --> 00:32:51,429 We have well-defined qubits. 863 00:32:51,430 --> 00:32:52,959 Now, the question, of course, is can we 864 00:32:52,960 --> 00:32:54,879 measure them? Can we initialize them? 865 00:32:54,880 --> 00:32:57,069 So first measuring them, can 866 00:32:57,070 --> 00:32:59,259 we measure the state first and easy 867 00:32:59,260 --> 00:33:01,839 picture what physicists 868 00:33:01,840 --> 00:33:03,669 do when they want to measure something is 869 00:33:03,670 --> 00:33:05,739 they use lasers. So we shine a laser 870 00:33:05,740 --> 00:33:07,959 on this and these centers and we get 871 00:33:07,960 --> 00:33:09,669 a signal back. And the signal is a little 872 00:33:09,670 --> 00:33:11,799 bit different to that, that we 873 00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:14,079 shine in so we can distinguish 874 00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:16,689 between the laser that we put in and 875 00:33:16,690 --> 00:33:18,459 the light that comes out. 876 00:33:18,460 --> 00:33:20,859 Now, we make that a little bit more. 877 00:33:20,860 --> 00:33:23,409 OK, that's a picture of 878 00:33:23,410 --> 00:33:24,459 such a measurement. 879 00:33:24,460 --> 00:33:26,379 What you see here, it is tiny. 880 00:33:26,380 --> 00:33:29,109 This tiny points are actually 881 00:33:29,110 --> 00:33:31,539 single and V centers in our diamond 882 00:33:31,540 --> 00:33:32,889 crystals. 883 00:33:32,890 --> 00:33:35,019 So how does that 884 00:33:35,020 --> 00:33:36,699 work? I want to explain to you that a 885 00:33:36,700 --> 00:33:37,700 little bit 886 00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:40,119 in more detail. 887 00:33:41,770 --> 00:33:42,770 This is 888 00:33:44,440 --> 00:33:46,779 these are energy levels in our diamond. 889 00:33:46,780 --> 00:33:48,009 We started with the ground state. 890 00:33:48,010 --> 00:33:51,009 The electron is at the ground state. 891 00:33:51,010 --> 00:33:53,169 If we now should, with our laser light 892 00:33:53,170 --> 00:33:55,929 on it, the electron 893 00:33:55,930 --> 00:33:58,089 will take some of the energy and jump 894 00:33:58,090 --> 00:34:00,129 up to the excited state. 895 00:34:00,130 --> 00:34:02,049 It won't stay there for long. 896 00:34:02,050 --> 00:34:03,669 It stays there for some milliseconds and 897 00:34:03,670 --> 00:34:05,919 jumps down then back again. 898 00:34:05,920 --> 00:34:08,019 And what we see then here is fluorescence 899 00:34:08,020 --> 00:34:10,569 light, light that we can measure 900 00:34:10,570 --> 00:34:13,388 and we get information from that. 901 00:34:13,389 --> 00:34:15,459 Now we play the same game 902 00:34:15,460 --> 00:34:17,468 again, but we change the game a little 903 00:34:17,469 --> 00:34:19,539 bit and 904 00:34:19,540 --> 00:34:21,638 we change it in the beginning. 905 00:34:21,639 --> 00:34:23,408 Let's start again with the electron on 906 00:34:23,409 --> 00:34:25,658 the energy ground level, 907 00:34:25,659 --> 00:34:28,029 and we use some microwave pulses 908 00:34:28,030 --> 00:34:29,738 to give the electron a little bit of 909 00:34:29,739 --> 00:34:31,869 energy. And what happens then is the 910 00:34:31,870 --> 00:34:34,029 electron changes 911 00:34:34,030 --> 00:34:35,079 its spin. 912 00:34:35,080 --> 00:34:37,299 You remember the picture I gave you, the 913 00:34:37,300 --> 00:34:39,939 the compass needle, the little magnets 914 00:34:39,940 --> 00:34:41,139 in a magnetic field. 915 00:34:43,060 --> 00:34:44,380 If we invest some of the 916 00:34:45,880 --> 00:34:47,738 microwave pulses, a little bit of energy 917 00:34:47,739 --> 00:34:50,499 and we turn and spin the cubitt 918 00:34:50,500 --> 00:34:51,729 in an up position. 919 00:34:51,730 --> 00:34:54,218 So now we can, with this microwave 920 00:34:54,219 --> 00:34:55,219 pulses, 921 00:34:56,679 --> 00:34:58,869 initialize the cubitt, whether 922 00:34:58,870 --> 00:35:01,179 it should be zero or one. 923 00:35:01,180 --> 00:35:03,639 And now we repeat the experiment 924 00:35:03,640 --> 00:35:05,829 from the left side and something 925 00:35:05,830 --> 00:35:07,179 impressive happens. 926 00:35:07,180 --> 00:35:09,579 Now, again, energy, the electrons jumps 927 00:35:09,580 --> 00:35:10,569 up. 928 00:35:10,570 --> 00:35:12,789 But because we are coming now from 929 00:35:12,790 --> 00:35:15,339 a from a spin up state, 930 00:35:15,340 --> 00:35:16,779 something different happens. 931 00:35:16,780 --> 00:35:18,759 It doesn't jump back down again and 932 00:35:18,760 --> 00:35:21,009 giving us the fluorescence light, but now 933 00:35:21,010 --> 00:35:23,289 it jumps to an intermediate 934 00:35:23,290 --> 00:35:25,479 state, stays there 935 00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:27,849 for a few milliseconds and then jumps 936 00:35:27,850 --> 00:35:30,189 back down to the ground level. 937 00:35:30,190 --> 00:35:32,499 And the surprising thing about that is 938 00:35:32,500 --> 00:35:34,569 we don't see light or I 939 00:35:34,570 --> 00:35:36,789 should say we don't see the fluorescent 940 00:35:36,790 --> 00:35:38,079 light we are looking for. 941 00:35:40,480 --> 00:35:41,769 So you see. 942 00:35:41,770 --> 00:35:43,989 Now we can initialize 943 00:35:43,990 --> 00:35:46,059 the state, we can 944 00:35:46,060 --> 00:35:48,580 measure the state with our laser pulse 945 00:35:49,870 --> 00:35:51,879 when we see light, we know the electron 946 00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:53,259 came from the ground state. 947 00:35:53,260 --> 00:35:55,479 If we don't see any light, the electron 948 00:35:55,480 --> 00:35:57,789 came from the spin up state. 949 00:35:57,790 --> 00:35:59,919 And what we also can do is if we 950 00:35:59,920 --> 00:36:02,049 choose the microwave path, right, 951 00:36:02,050 --> 00:36:03,729 we can have a superposition. 952 00:36:03,730 --> 00:36:06,519 So coming back to the to the eventual 953 00:36:06,520 --> 00:36:08,619 Vincenzo criteria, we 954 00:36:08,620 --> 00:36:10,509 have well-defined qubits in our Diament 955 00:36:10,510 --> 00:36:13,059 we have we are able to initialize 956 00:36:13,060 --> 00:36:14,349 to a pure state. 957 00:36:14,350 --> 00:36:16,449 We have cubitt specific 958 00:36:16,450 --> 00:36:18,999 measurements. That is our laser. 959 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:21,279 So what we now need 960 00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:22,289 are Quantum Gate. 961 00:36:22,290 --> 00:36:24,369 So we need to calculate or 962 00:36:24,370 --> 00:36:26,650 do operations with a quantum computers. 963 00:36:28,540 --> 00:36:31,629 I show you an example, not for diamond, 964 00:36:31,630 --> 00:36:33,759 for another spin system, 965 00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:35,799 because that's a little bit easier to 966 00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:37,899 explain on one slide. 967 00:36:37,900 --> 00:36:40,209 But more or less, I guess 968 00:36:40,210 --> 00:36:42,369 you you get the idea of how we 969 00:36:42,370 --> 00:36:44,559 are doing that with Quantum with 970 00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:45,560 Quantum Gate. So 971 00:36:46,660 --> 00:36:48,879 I show you the control not to see. 972 00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:51,009 Not great for the few of us 973 00:36:51,010 --> 00:36:52,769 who don't know what that is, 974 00:36:53,860 --> 00:36:55,179 we have a control bit. 975 00:36:55,180 --> 00:36:57,249 This is the red one and we have a target. 976 00:36:57,250 --> 00:36:59,349 But the blue one, if the 977 00:36:59,350 --> 00:37:01,419 control bit is zero, nothing will 978 00:37:01,420 --> 00:37:03,489 happen to the target because if we 979 00:37:03,490 --> 00:37:05,979 have if the control bit is one, 980 00:37:05,980 --> 00:37:08,109 the state of the target, it will 981 00:37:08,110 --> 00:37:08,619 be changed. 982 00:37:08,620 --> 00:37:10,779 So if we start with the zero zero, we 983 00:37:10,780 --> 00:37:12,939 end up with a zero zero zero one, 984 00:37:12,940 --> 00:37:15,309 ends up with zero one one 985 00:37:15,310 --> 00:37:17,649 zero changes to one one and 986 00:37:17,650 --> 00:37:19,929 one one changes to one zero. 987 00:37:19,930 --> 00:37:22,449 So how do we realize 988 00:37:22,450 --> 00:37:24,189 I mean, in a classical computer, you 989 00:37:24,190 --> 00:37:27,339 realize something like like gaits 990 00:37:27,340 --> 00:37:28,539 transistors. 991 00:37:28,540 --> 00:37:30,159 How is that realized? 992 00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:31,209 And a quantum computer? 993 00:37:31,210 --> 00:37:33,309 Well, I show 994 00:37:33,310 --> 00:37:35,409 you this with 995 00:37:35,410 --> 00:37:37,599 an example with a model system of two 996 00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:39,699 coupled spins, an electron and 997 00:37:39,700 --> 00:37:40,839 the proton. 998 00:37:40,840 --> 00:37:42,909 And as you might know, 999 00:37:42,910 --> 00:37:44,059 this is a hydrogen atom. 1000 00:37:44,060 --> 00:37:46,239 So we are doing our calculations with 1001 00:37:46,240 --> 00:37:47,620 a hydrogen atom. 1002 00:37:49,330 --> 00:37:51,489 Again, we are talking energy 1003 00:37:51,490 --> 00:37:53,619 levels here. So we are starting with 1004 00:37:53,620 --> 00:37:55,839 the lowest energy level would be 1005 00:37:55,840 --> 00:37:58,269 the electron is down, the proton 1006 00:37:58,270 --> 00:38:00,579 is down, lowest energy level 1007 00:38:00,580 --> 00:38:02,919 corresponds to zero zero state 1008 00:38:02,920 --> 00:38:05,169 electron down, proton up 1009 00:38:05,170 --> 00:38:07,869 zero one electron up, 1010 00:38:07,870 --> 00:38:10,209 proton down one 1011 00:38:10,210 --> 00:38:12,549 zero and both spins up one 1012 00:38:12,550 --> 00:38:13,550 one state. 1013 00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:16,090 You already heard 1014 00:38:17,530 --> 00:38:20,319 how we choose the spin of the electron 1015 00:38:20,320 --> 00:38:22,689 electron transmission electron spins spin 1016 00:38:22,690 --> 00:38:23,979 resonance. 1017 00:38:23,980 --> 00:38:26,709 That was simply the story. 1018 00:38:26,710 --> 00:38:28,959 That was simply the microwave pulse 1019 00:38:28,960 --> 00:38:31,149 that we are inducing and by 1020 00:38:31,150 --> 00:38:33,819 that choosing the spin of the of the 1021 00:38:33,820 --> 00:38:35,049 of the electron. 1022 00:38:35,050 --> 00:38:37,119 So now we can determine whether or 1023 00:38:37,120 --> 00:38:39,159 not we have electrons spin up and 1024 00:38:39,160 --> 00:38:40,479 electrons spin down. 1025 00:38:40,480 --> 00:38:42,309 And now we do something that that is 1026 00:38:42,310 --> 00:38:44,409 called nuclear resonance and 1027 00:38:44,410 --> 00:38:47,109 are again electromagnetic 1028 00:38:47,110 --> 00:38:49,209 pulse, but a different energy 1029 00:38:49,210 --> 00:38:51,309 and frequency. 1030 00:38:51,310 --> 00:38:53,529 And what we do here now is we choose 1031 00:38:53,530 --> 00:38:55,809 wisely that the pulse has 1032 00:38:55,810 --> 00:38:57,909 this energy here and then 1033 00:38:57,910 --> 00:39:00,579 we have exactly the not transition, 1034 00:39:00,580 --> 00:39:02,679 because only if the 1035 00:39:02,680 --> 00:39:05,019 electron is spin up, we 1036 00:39:05,020 --> 00:39:07,299 will have a transition between those two 1037 00:39:07,300 --> 00:39:08,379 states. 1038 00:39:08,380 --> 00:39:10,809 So it is pretty 1039 00:39:10,810 --> 00:39:12,699 in your face, actually. 1040 00:39:12,700 --> 00:39:14,829 OK, the idea of doing 1041 00:39:14,830 --> 00:39:16,809 operations with a single atom, it might 1042 00:39:16,810 --> 00:39:19,299 be not really be in your face, but 1043 00:39:19,300 --> 00:39:21,549 you see that how you actually 1044 00:39:21,550 --> 00:39:23,109 do it. This is rather simple. 1045 00:39:23,110 --> 00:39:25,509 You need one single pulse 1046 00:39:25,510 --> 00:39:27,759 to do such a rather complicated, 1047 00:39:27,760 --> 00:39:30,009 logical gates 1048 00:39:30,010 --> 00:39:31,959 or realize such a complicated gait. 1049 00:39:34,110 --> 00:39:36,269 Of course, I have to say, 1050 00:39:36,270 --> 00:39:38,639 you just need a single pulse if you have 1051 00:39:38,640 --> 00:39:40,229 a good spin system. 1052 00:39:40,230 --> 00:39:42,779 That's, of course, what you need for 1053 00:39:42,780 --> 00:39:43,780 something like this. 1054 00:39:45,050 --> 00:39:46,050 OK. 1055 00:39:46,700 --> 00:39:48,930 In principle, I have shown you that 1056 00:39:49,940 --> 00:39:52,129 what that we can have well-defined 1057 00:39:52,130 --> 00:39:54,619 cubits that we initialize 1058 00:39:54,620 --> 00:39:56,809 to a pure state how quantum 1059 00:39:56,810 --> 00:39:58,909 gates could work in such a system 1060 00:39:58,910 --> 00:40:01,339 and how we do cubitt specific 1061 00:40:01,340 --> 00:40:02,340 measurements. 1062 00:40:03,050 --> 00:40:05,299 But now I have started or 1063 00:40:05,300 --> 00:40:07,159 the title of my presentation says 1064 00:40:08,720 --> 00:40:10,789 that I'm working with Diamond and we are 1065 00:40:10,790 --> 00:40:13,519 trying to realize quantum computers 1066 00:40:13,520 --> 00:40:15,589 in Diamond. So your question 1067 00:40:15,590 --> 00:40:17,899 should be where is this guy getting 1068 00:40:17,900 --> 00:40:18,919 his diamonds from? 1069 00:40:19,940 --> 00:40:21,829 Are we mining them? 1070 00:40:21,830 --> 00:40:23,389 Can we get them out of a mine? 1071 00:40:23,390 --> 00:40:26,809 This is an old mine, 1072 00:40:26,810 --> 00:40:29,089 an old diamond mine in the 1073 00:40:29,090 --> 00:40:31,939 Kimberley, South Africa. 1074 00:40:31,940 --> 00:40:33,259 I like this picture very much. 1075 00:40:33,260 --> 00:40:35,539 And it is 1076 00:40:35,540 --> 00:40:37,939 this mine is long closed like I 1077 00:40:37,940 --> 00:40:40,369 think 1914 or something. 1078 00:40:40,370 --> 00:40:42,709 But this is believed to be the 1079 00:40:42,710 --> 00:40:44,869 the largest hole that was 1080 00:40:46,520 --> 00:40:48,709 by bare hands. So the people were 1081 00:40:48,710 --> 00:40:50,899 actually getting the rubbish out 1082 00:40:50,900 --> 00:40:52,219 there with their bare hands. 1083 00:40:52,220 --> 00:40:54,169 So this is the biggest hole. 1084 00:40:54,170 --> 00:40:56,059 Could we take diamonds from diamond 1085 00:40:56,060 --> 00:40:57,259 mines? 1086 00:40:57,260 --> 00:40:59,419 No, because I have 1087 00:40:59,420 --> 00:41:02,329 already told you that we need 1088 00:41:02,330 --> 00:41:03,739 very specific diamonds. 1089 00:41:03,740 --> 00:41:06,319 We need them first to be very clear, 1090 00:41:06,320 --> 00:41:07,879 very perfect. 1091 00:41:07,880 --> 00:41:10,279 And then we induce very specific 1092 00:41:10,280 --> 00:41:12,769 defects, the envy centers that we already 1093 00:41:12,770 --> 00:41:13,770 talked about. 1094 00:41:14,870 --> 00:41:17,029 So if we cannot find them in nature, 1095 00:41:17,030 --> 00:41:19,429 of course we make them by ourselves. 1096 00:41:19,430 --> 00:41:21,499 So what we use there is a 1097 00:41:21,500 --> 00:41:23,659 microwave plasma 1098 00:41:23,660 --> 00:41:24,660 chamber. 1099 00:41:27,290 --> 00:41:29,449 Funnily, it's not so different 1100 00:41:29,450 --> 00:41:31,849 compared to the to the microwave 1101 00:41:31,850 --> 00:41:33,260 ovens you have at home. 1102 00:41:34,340 --> 00:41:35,719 It has the same frequency. 1103 00:41:35,720 --> 00:41:37,669 It has the same power. 1104 00:41:37,670 --> 00:41:40,369 The only difference is that we 1105 00:41:40,370 --> 00:41:42,769 we focus the microwaves 1106 00:41:42,770 --> 00:41:44,839 very precisely in the middle of 1107 00:41:44,840 --> 00:41:45,920 our vacuum chamber. 1108 00:41:47,030 --> 00:41:49,789 And by that we can ignite a plasma 1109 00:41:49,790 --> 00:41:52,369 in the microwave 1110 00:41:52,370 --> 00:41:53,370 plasma chamber. 1111 00:41:54,980 --> 00:41:57,259 And the plasma is actually that is 1112 00:41:57,260 --> 00:41:59,059 what you see glowing here. 1113 00:42:00,710 --> 00:42:03,229 Why can we make diamonds from a plasma? 1114 00:42:03,230 --> 00:42:05,749 Well, we use very specific gases. 1115 00:42:05,750 --> 00:42:08,149 We use methane 1116 00:42:08,150 --> 00:42:10,459 as a carbon carrier for 1117 00:42:10,460 --> 00:42:12,529 you see here the carbon atom and four 1118 00:42:12,530 --> 00:42:13,819 hydrogen atoms. 1119 00:42:13,820 --> 00:42:15,979 And we use hydrogen because we 1120 00:42:15,980 --> 00:42:17,059 need that for the chemistry. 1121 00:42:17,060 --> 00:42:18,679 And what happens then here in the plasma 1122 00:42:18,680 --> 00:42:21,439 ball is that we break those molecules 1123 00:42:21,440 --> 00:42:23,539 and we have then 1124 00:42:23,540 --> 00:42:25,759 the three reticle and then 1125 00:42:25,760 --> 00:42:27,889 we we do something tricky. 1126 00:42:27,890 --> 00:42:30,239 We we offer those ridiculous 1127 00:42:30,240 --> 00:42:31,850 diamond surface. 1128 00:42:33,650 --> 00:42:36,109 We call that the diamond seed crystals. 1129 00:42:36,110 --> 00:42:37,579 We bring it close to the plasma. 1130 00:42:37,580 --> 00:42:40,369 And then more or less like Lego playing 1131 00:42:40,370 --> 00:42:42,670 by self organization, the 1132 00:42:43,700 --> 00:42:46,069 this radical goes to the position 1133 00:42:46,070 --> 00:42:48,289 on the diamond and continues to 1134 00:42:48,290 --> 00:42:50,539 grow the letters of the 1135 00:42:52,040 --> 00:42:54,049 of the diamond so we can start with a 1136 00:42:54,050 --> 00:42:56,149 rather dirty one and start 1137 00:42:56,150 --> 00:42:58,279 growing our perfect crystals on 1138 00:42:58,280 --> 00:42:59,280 top of it. 1139 00:43:00,220 --> 00:43:01,810 So that's that really work. 1140 00:43:03,190 --> 00:43:05,079 I want to convince you that that works 1141 00:43:05,080 --> 00:43:06,729 because this is a video 1142 00:43:07,900 --> 00:43:09,069 of our plasma chamber. 1143 00:43:09,070 --> 00:43:11,559 You see this greenish plasma 1144 00:43:11,560 --> 00:43:12,969 over the crystals here. 1145 00:43:12,970 --> 00:43:15,340 And these are our dirty crystals. 1146 00:43:16,450 --> 00:43:18,519 They ever heights of 1147 00:43:18,520 --> 00:43:21,129 around half a millimeter and the diameter 1148 00:43:21,130 --> 00:43:24,309 of around 10 millimeters. 1149 00:43:24,310 --> 00:43:27,039 So they're a rather big and 1150 00:43:27,040 --> 00:43:29,679 OK quantum computer application. 1151 00:43:29,680 --> 00:43:31,959 We don't need really thick diamonds. 1152 00:43:31,960 --> 00:43:34,239 But of course, if you have a lab 1153 00:43:34,240 --> 00:43:36,099 and you have a plasma chamber in there 1154 00:43:36,100 --> 00:43:38,319 and you have seed crystals, 1155 00:43:38,320 --> 00:43:40,299 the first thing you do on a weekend where 1156 00:43:40,300 --> 00:43:42,639 you don't have any other plants, you grow 1157 00:43:42,640 --> 00:43:43,549 large diamonds. 1158 00:43:43,550 --> 00:43:44,550 So. 1159 00:43:53,440 --> 00:43:54,909 That's nice that you clap your hands 1160 00:43:54,910 --> 00:43:56,589 because I'm doing that from your tax 1161 00:43:56,590 --> 00:43:57,590 money. 1162 00:43:59,380 --> 00:44:00,380 Thank you. 1163 00:44:04,260 --> 00:44:05,749 OK, this is a movie. 1164 00:44:05,750 --> 00:44:07,590 Let's see how these diamonds are growing. 1165 00:44:09,090 --> 00:44:10,889 This is unfortunately, this is in the 1166 00:44:10,890 --> 00:44:12,000 course of three days, 1167 00:44:13,560 --> 00:44:15,809 a Friday evening till 1168 00:44:15,810 --> 00:44:17,969 Monday evening. 1169 00:44:19,980 --> 00:44:22,529 Those diamonds don't look very nicely 1170 00:44:22,530 --> 00:44:23,429 made. 1171 00:44:23,430 --> 00:44:25,589 Now they are three millimeters tall. 1172 00:44:25,590 --> 00:44:26,759 So they're not. 1173 00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:27,760 No, they're really 1174 00:44:29,580 --> 00:44:31,079 rather large sized diamonds, 1175 00:44:32,940 --> 00:44:35,699 perfectly single crystals in the middle 1176 00:44:35,700 --> 00:44:37,769 and not so perfect and not 1177 00:44:37,770 --> 00:44:39,899 good looking in the in 1178 00:44:39,900 --> 00:44:42,149 the outer edge here. 1179 00:44:42,150 --> 00:44:44,219 So what I did is I took a 1180 00:44:44,220 --> 00:44:46,919 laser and cut out the perfect diamonds 1181 00:44:46,920 --> 00:44:49,289 diamond and went to a jewelry shop 1182 00:44:49,290 --> 00:44:51,599 and asked them because 1183 00:44:51,600 --> 00:44:53,789 they really don't look like you could 1184 00:44:53,790 --> 00:44:55,299 impress anybody with them. 1185 00:44:55,300 --> 00:44:57,179 But I went to them and asked them if they 1186 00:44:57,180 --> 00:44:59,489 can polish me the diamond 1187 00:44:59,490 --> 00:45:01,589 like a real brilliant like 1188 00:45:01,590 --> 00:45:04,049 the stones you would have in rings or 1189 00:45:04,050 --> 00:45:06,149 amulets or something. 1190 00:45:06,150 --> 00:45:08,399 So the man there was 1191 00:45:08,400 --> 00:45:10,679 suspicious because I had never seen 1192 00:45:10,680 --> 00:45:11,719 such a stone. 1193 00:45:11,720 --> 00:45:13,949 So he asked me what 1194 00:45:13,950 --> 00:45:14,969 material that is. 1195 00:45:14,970 --> 00:45:16,290 And I said, that's diamond. 1196 00:45:19,940 --> 00:45:22,099 And then he said, where 1197 00:45:22,100 --> 00:45:23,150 do you have it from? 1198 00:45:24,170 --> 00:45:26,119 And I said, I made it by myself. 1199 00:45:36,490 --> 00:45:38,340 We had issues, I would say, 1200 00:45:40,750 --> 00:45:42,939 but I found somebody who was able to 1201 00:45:42,940 --> 00:45:44,499 polish me, the Stones, and they look like 1202 00:45:44,500 --> 00:45:46,509 this, they really look beautiful. 1203 00:45:46,510 --> 00:45:48,729 And whenever I want 1204 00:45:48,730 --> 00:45:50,799 to impress the crowd like you, I have a 1205 00:45:50,800 --> 00:45:52,929 diamond self-made diamond in my trousers. 1206 00:45:52,930 --> 00:45:55,149 So if 1207 00:45:55,150 --> 00:45:56,829 you want to take a look after the 1208 00:45:56,830 --> 00:45:59,139 presentation, just come up to me and 1209 00:45:59,140 --> 00:46:01,239 take a look. This is not really a perfect 1210 00:46:01,240 --> 00:46:03,159 diamond, but it's enough to 1211 00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:05,600 impress people, 1212 00:46:07,840 --> 00:46:08,840 right? 1213 00:46:09,340 --> 00:46:11,109 OK, we have perfect diamond snow. 1214 00:46:11,110 --> 00:46:13,209 But the problem is and we're coming 1215 00:46:13,210 --> 00:46:14,769 to the end of my presentation. 1216 00:46:14,770 --> 00:46:16,749 The problem is we don't want perfect 1217 00:46:16,750 --> 00:46:18,009 diamonds. 1218 00:46:18,010 --> 00:46:20,139 I told you, we want and we centers in 1219 00:46:20,140 --> 00:46:22,299 the diamond. So how are we getting 1220 00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:23,469 now the envy centers? 1221 00:46:23,470 --> 00:46:25,149 Precisely in our perfect diamond 1222 00:46:25,150 --> 00:46:26,109 crystals? 1223 00:46:26,110 --> 00:46:28,239 Well, we take our 1224 00:46:28,240 --> 00:46:29,709 iron guns. 1225 00:46:29,710 --> 00:46:31,809 Something else that I buy from your 1226 00:46:31,810 --> 00:46:32,810 tax money. 1227 00:46:34,330 --> 00:46:36,579 We take iron guns, we take the perfect 1228 00:46:36,580 --> 00:46:38,529 crystal, we take iron guns and we shoot 1229 00:46:38,530 --> 00:46:41,049 irons, nitrogen irons, obviously 1230 00:46:41,050 --> 00:46:42,069 on our crystals. 1231 00:46:42,070 --> 00:46:44,859 And what happens then is first a 1232 00:46:44,860 --> 00:46:47,109 pretty mess. So the nitrogen 1233 00:46:47,110 --> 00:46:49,629 is in the crystal and then we we 1234 00:46:49,630 --> 00:46:51,399 do something that we call annealing. 1235 00:46:51,400 --> 00:46:54,069 We put the crystals at 700 1236 00:46:54,070 --> 00:46:56,199 degrees and some kind of Auvergne 1237 00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:57,200 and then 1238 00:46:58,270 --> 00:46:59,199 something happens. 1239 00:46:59,200 --> 00:47:01,299 The nitrogen brings mechanical 1240 00:47:01,300 --> 00:47:03,459 stress in the crystals and the stress 1241 00:47:03,460 --> 00:47:05,799 or the crystal wants to relax 1242 00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:06,789 the stress. 1243 00:47:06,790 --> 00:47:08,919 So what happens automatically, 1244 00:47:08,920 --> 00:47:12,399 actually, is that that the V centers 1245 00:47:12,400 --> 00:47:14,589 the vacances move to the 1246 00:47:14,590 --> 00:47:17,020 to the nitrogen without us doing anything 1247 00:47:18,040 --> 00:47:20,799 very professional with it. 1248 00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:23,289 So that is one way how we can produce 1249 00:47:23,290 --> 00:47:24,789 the N.V. centers in our crystal. 1250 00:47:24,790 --> 00:47:26,739 The other one, the other method is called 1251 00:47:26,740 --> 00:47:27,740 Delta Doping. 1252 00:47:28,690 --> 00:47:30,309 I already showed you how we grow the 1253 00:47:30,310 --> 00:47:32,439 diamond layer by layer and that 1254 00:47:32,440 --> 00:47:34,959 is shown here at one specific 1255 00:47:34,960 --> 00:47:37,239 time. We bring in nitrogen into 1256 00:47:37,240 --> 00:47:40,239 the process and then of course we deposit 1257 00:47:40,240 --> 00:47:42,190 the nitrogen into our lettuce. 1258 00:47:43,240 --> 00:47:44,619 Now we have the nitrogen, but no 1259 00:47:44,620 --> 00:47:47,139 vacancies. Now we take an electron 1260 00:47:47,140 --> 00:47:49,269 gun. Yet another thing I 1261 00:47:49,270 --> 00:47:51,069 buy from your tax money, we shoot in 1262 00:47:51,070 --> 00:47:53,409 vacances here, do again the annealing 1263 00:47:53,410 --> 00:47:55,799 step and we end up with envy 1264 00:47:55,800 --> 00:47:56,800 centers. 1265 00:47:58,100 --> 00:48:00,589 Yeah, so 1266 00:48:00,590 --> 00:48:02,110 now I'm really coming to the end. 1267 00:48:04,520 --> 00:48:06,679 Well, we have where I showed 1268 00:48:06,680 --> 00:48:08,629 you that we have well-defined cubits, we 1269 00:48:08,630 --> 00:48:11,119 have we could we can initialize them, 1270 00:48:11,120 --> 00:48:13,189 I already showed 1271 00:48:13,190 --> 00:48:15,579 you that. So we are able 1272 00:48:15,580 --> 00:48:17,899 in principle, to produce 1273 00:48:17,900 --> 00:48:20,899 a diamond quantum computer. 1274 00:48:20,900 --> 00:48:22,849 How far are we with that? 1275 00:48:22,850 --> 00:48:24,049 What is the state of the art? 1276 00:48:24,050 --> 00:48:26,959 Well, it's in its infancy, 1277 00:48:26,960 --> 00:48:28,010 of course. So 1278 00:48:29,510 --> 00:48:30,949 there was a two bit cubits. 1279 00:48:30,950 --> 00:48:33,139 Quantum Computer realized 1280 00:48:33,140 --> 00:48:36,169 Grovers algorithm was running on it 1281 00:48:36,170 --> 00:48:38,259 in 95, OK? 1282 00:48:38,260 --> 00:48:40,219 And the calculation was pretty pretty 1283 00:48:40,220 --> 00:48:41,510 right on the first try. 1284 00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:46,129 If we really would want to 1285 00:48:46,130 --> 00:48:47,130 decode 1286 00:48:48,620 --> 00:48:50,689 our courts in a in a 1287 00:48:50,690 --> 00:48:52,879 reasonable time, we need at least 1288 00:48:52,880 --> 00:48:55,069 our I read an 1289 00:48:55,070 --> 00:48:56,899 estimation that we need four thousand 1290 00:48:56,900 --> 00:48:59,209 cubits to to do that 1291 00:48:59,210 --> 00:49:01,389 and four thousand. 1292 00:49:01,390 --> 00:49:03,609 Perfect, the entangled cubits is really 1293 00:49:03,610 --> 00:49:04,610 not easy, 1294 00:49:06,400 --> 00:49:08,310 but still people are working on that 1295 00:49:09,520 --> 00:49:12,099 based on Edward Snowden's 1296 00:49:12,100 --> 00:49:14,679 documents, you see that the NSA 1297 00:49:14,680 --> 00:49:17,260 runs a project 1298 00:49:18,820 --> 00:49:19,989 worth 80 million 1299 00:49:21,670 --> 00:49:23,959 called penetrating hard targets, like 1300 00:49:23,960 --> 00:49:26,139 the name of it, very much to 1301 00:49:26,140 --> 00:49:27,549 develop quantum computers. 1302 00:49:27,550 --> 00:49:29,829 So I already 1303 00:49:29,830 --> 00:49:32,109 told you that I like 1304 00:49:32,110 --> 00:49:33,189 the presentation. 1305 00:49:33,190 --> 00:49:34,719 That's really my last sentence. 1306 00:49:34,720 --> 00:49:37,269 Now, the presentation of Andreas 1307 00:49:37,270 --> 00:49:38,829 yesterday. 1308 00:49:38,830 --> 00:49:40,929 And there was 1309 00:49:40,930 --> 00:49:42,789 one remark that I want to repeat because 1310 00:49:42,790 --> 00:49:45,039 I liked it so much, if you ask 1311 00:49:45,040 --> 00:49:46,040 me. 1312 00:49:46,900 --> 00:49:48,729 Quantum computers are not there right 1313 00:49:48,730 --> 00:49:50,829 now. They are not effectively 1314 00:49:50,830 --> 00:49:52,929 working, but they will come 1315 00:49:52,930 --> 00:49:54,880 because the technology already is there. 1316 00:49:56,590 --> 00:49:59,079 It is very likely that those concepts, 1317 00:49:59,080 --> 00:50:00,939 because you see there, there are rather 1318 00:50:00,940 --> 00:50:02,099 complicated. 1319 00:50:02,100 --> 00:50:03,909 The knowledge about the quantum computers 1320 00:50:03,910 --> 00:50:06,279 will be in the hands of governments 1321 00:50:06,280 --> 00:50:07,899 or rich companies. 1322 00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:10,899 So it's very important that we 1323 00:50:10,900 --> 00:50:12,759 keep an eye on the developments and 1324 00:50:12,760 --> 00:50:15,099 what's possible and what's 1325 00:50:15,100 --> 00:50:16,100 not possible and 1326 00:50:17,320 --> 00:50:19,509 to end on the positive side. 1327 00:50:19,510 --> 00:50:21,969 I will keep an eye on that for you 1328 00:50:21,970 --> 00:50:23,089 with your tax money. 1329 00:50:23,090 --> 00:50:24,090 So. 1330 00:50:47,560 --> 00:50:49,029 Before we start with a question and 1331 00:50:49,030 --> 00:50:50,739 answer, I have a podcast, if you like, 1332 00:50:50,740 --> 00:50:52,989 the way I talk about science, the podcast 1333 00:50:52,990 --> 00:50:54,229 is called Mythologizing, Correct? 1334 00:50:54,230 --> 00:50:55,389 I do it with my Ph.D. 1335 00:50:55,390 --> 00:50:57,489 students, who suffers very much 1336 00:50:57,490 --> 00:50:58,490 under me. So 1337 00:50:59,890 --> 00:51:02,049 give him some love by downloading 1338 00:51:02,050 --> 00:51:03,050 our podcast. Thanks. 1339 00:51:12,020 --> 00:51:13,100 Nice plug 1340 00:51:15,590 --> 00:51:16,119 the. 1341 00:51:16,120 --> 00:51:18,359 Oh, yeah, it is nice plug. 1342 00:51:18,360 --> 00:51:20,359 OK, so we have time for some Q&A. 1343 00:51:20,360 --> 00:51:22,339 There's four mikes in this room too. 1344 00:51:22,340 --> 00:51:24,559 There to now also 1345 00:51:24,560 --> 00:51:26,359 Basti ISC, of course. 1346 00:51:26,360 --> 00:51:28,219 And we also if you're unable to get up 1347 00:51:28,220 --> 00:51:30,349 for like an actual medical reason, 1348 00:51:30,350 --> 00:51:31,349 we have a backup. 1349 00:51:31,350 --> 00:51:34,129 So all your angel to give you a mic. 1350 00:51:34,130 --> 00:51:37,339 So we'll just start with number two. 1351 00:51:37,340 --> 00:51:38,749 OK, so thanks for the talk. 1352 00:51:38,750 --> 00:51:40,939 My question is, can you realize 1353 00:51:40,940 --> 00:51:42,709 entanglement between different N.V. 1354 00:51:42,710 --> 00:51:43,939 centers, which I believe would be 1355 00:51:43,940 --> 00:51:46,009 necessary to do more than two, but 1356 00:51:46,010 --> 00:51:47,010 quantum computing? 1357 00:51:48,260 --> 00:51:50,779 Yeah, first, 1358 00:51:50,780 --> 00:51:52,399 before I answer the question, you're the 1359 00:51:52,400 --> 00:51:53,400 first 1360 00:51:54,530 --> 00:51:55,999 audience who's not asking about the 1361 00:51:56,000 --> 00:51:58,069 diamonds and whether or not I'm rich 1362 00:51:58,070 --> 00:52:00,199 because I'm producing permanently 1363 00:52:00,200 --> 00:52:02,090 diamonds. But I appreciate that. 1364 00:52:03,260 --> 00:52:05,449 Well, yes, there 1365 00:52:05,450 --> 00:52:06,710 were realizations of 1366 00:52:08,090 --> 00:52:10,609 entanglement of two cubits 1367 00:52:10,610 --> 00:52:12,649 in diamonds and more than two cubits and 1368 00:52:12,650 --> 00:52:13,909 diamonds. 1369 00:52:13,910 --> 00:52:16,099 But what you're talking 1370 00:52:16,100 --> 00:52:18,109 about is exactly the problem that we are 1371 00:52:18,110 --> 00:52:20,329 having and what we are doing 1372 00:52:20,330 --> 00:52:22,549 research right now on, because 1373 00:52:22,550 --> 00:52:24,649 the there are a lot of parameters 1374 00:52:24,650 --> 00:52:27,229 that influence the stability 1375 00:52:27,230 --> 00:52:28,309 of those cubits. 1376 00:52:28,310 --> 00:52:30,709 In a quantum diamond computer, 1377 00:52:30,710 --> 00:52:32,509 for example, the distance between the 1378 00:52:32,510 --> 00:52:34,969 cubits is a very important factor. 1379 00:52:34,970 --> 00:52:37,039 The distance of the cubits to the 1380 00:52:37,040 --> 00:52:38,959 surface of the diamond is a very 1381 00:52:38,960 --> 00:52:40,179 important factor. 1382 00:52:40,180 --> 00:52:42,550 The the 1383 00:52:44,490 --> 00:52:46,639 the chemistry that is that is 1384 00:52:46,640 --> 00:52:48,739 on top of the diamond 1385 00:52:48,740 --> 00:52:50,279 crystal even makes a difference. 1386 00:52:50,280 --> 00:52:52,759 So that's 1387 00:52:52,760 --> 00:52:54,199 actually the problem we are working on. 1388 00:52:55,370 --> 00:52:56,370 Thanks. 1389 00:52:57,960 --> 00:52:59,579 Does the Internet have a question? 1390 00:53:00,790 --> 00:53:02,179 Now, Internet still. 1391 00:53:02,180 --> 00:53:04,689 Yes, the Internet has a lot of questions, 1392 00:53:04,690 --> 00:53:06,879 um, at first I have to 1393 00:53:06,880 --> 00:53:09,640 apologize for being imprecise. 1394 00:53:12,190 --> 00:53:14,559 You spoke about the 1395 00:53:14,560 --> 00:53:16,659 Cupitt specific measurement, part 1396 00:53:16,660 --> 00:53:19,089 of the talk, the question 1397 00:53:19,090 --> 00:53:21,699 is what happens 1398 00:53:21,700 --> 00:53:23,799 with energy if 1399 00:53:23,800 --> 00:53:26,109 the Cubitt does not 1400 00:53:26,110 --> 00:53:28,269 drop to the to the 1401 00:53:28,270 --> 00:53:30,189 lowest level? 1402 00:53:30,190 --> 00:53:31,779 I think you mean when when we're starting 1403 00:53:31,780 --> 00:53:33,219 with the with the cubitt up. 1404 00:53:33,220 --> 00:53:34,349 And yeah, 1405 00:53:35,550 --> 00:53:37,779 I was pretending that there is no 1406 00:53:37,780 --> 00:53:39,789 energy emitted, but that's of course not 1407 00:53:39,790 --> 00:53:42,009 true. The energy has to go somewhere, but 1408 00:53:42,010 --> 00:53:43,869 it is in a different frequency. 1409 00:53:43,870 --> 00:53:45,369 So if we are just measuring the 1410 00:53:45,370 --> 00:53:47,409 fluorescent light or we're just looking 1411 00:53:47,410 --> 00:53:49,719 at the fluid since light we want to see, 1412 00:53:49,720 --> 00:53:50,720 then 1413 00:53:51,790 --> 00:53:54,009 we don't in that frequency 1414 00:53:54,010 --> 00:53:55,159 we don't see a light. 1415 00:53:55,160 --> 00:53:57,009 But of course, the energy is going 1416 00:53:57,010 --> 00:53:58,869 somewhere else so that that will be light 1417 00:53:58,870 --> 00:54:00,909 be transmitted, but in another frequency. 1418 00:54:00,910 --> 00:54:02,019 So you don't see it? 1419 00:54:03,130 --> 00:54:04,299 We don't see it. 1420 00:54:04,300 --> 00:54:07,209 And does this effect happen 1421 00:54:07,210 --> 00:54:08,589 multiple times? 1422 00:54:08,590 --> 00:54:09,629 Yes, of course. Yeah, yeah. 1423 00:54:09,630 --> 00:54:12,069 You can initialize your system again 1424 00:54:12,070 --> 00:54:14,199 and start the process 1425 00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:16,209 over again. And that's actually what's 1426 00:54:16,210 --> 00:54:17,949 what's being done. 1427 00:54:17,950 --> 00:54:20,139 You you repeatedly initialize your 1428 00:54:20,140 --> 00:54:22,479 system, measure it and do that 1429 00:54:22,480 --> 00:54:24,639 thousands and millions of times 1430 00:54:25,720 --> 00:54:26,919 again and again. Yes. 1431 00:54:26,920 --> 00:54:29,049 And the Internet is also 1432 00:54:29,050 --> 00:54:30,939 interested if it happens. 1433 00:54:30,940 --> 00:54:31,940 Um. 1434 00:54:34,170 --> 00:54:37,049 If it happens from alone 1435 00:54:37,050 --> 00:54:38,050 or. 1436 00:54:38,610 --> 00:54:40,859 Dusty, decoupage drop 1437 00:54:40,860 --> 00:54:42,120 by and not being measured. 1438 00:54:45,350 --> 00:54:47,659 Yes, the cubitt would also drop without 1439 00:54:47,660 --> 00:54:49,009 being measured. 1440 00:54:49,010 --> 00:54:51,139 That's one again, one and one 1441 00:54:51,140 --> 00:54:53,059 problem that we need to realize. 1442 00:54:53,060 --> 00:54:55,669 We want to have stable 1443 00:54:55,670 --> 00:54:57,739 cubits that that keep their position 1444 00:54:57,740 --> 00:54:58,729 as long as possible. 1445 00:54:58,730 --> 00:55:00,799 But every once in a 1446 00:55:00,800 --> 00:55:03,709 while, of course, the cubitt will change 1447 00:55:03,710 --> 00:55:04,759 by chance. 1448 00:55:04,760 --> 00:55:06,829 So this is exactly what you need to 1449 00:55:06,830 --> 00:55:08,689 control. You need to have stable systems 1450 00:55:08,690 --> 00:55:10,459 that stay in the position that you want 1451 00:55:10,460 --> 00:55:12,709 them to be for as long as possible. 1452 00:55:12,710 --> 00:55:14,869 So but you're absolutely right. 1453 00:55:14,870 --> 00:55:17,149 And that makes it hard at 1454 00:55:17,150 --> 00:55:20,389 this time to realize quantum computers, 1455 00:55:20,390 --> 00:55:22,789 to have them stable over the time. 1456 00:55:22,790 --> 00:55:23,779 Yes. 1457 00:55:23,780 --> 00:55:25,759 OK, thank you. And just a quick reminder, 1458 00:55:25,760 --> 00:55:28,009 if you're leaving now, please 1459 00:55:28,010 --> 00:55:29,539 be aware that there's a camera right 1460 00:55:29,540 --> 00:55:31,069 there. So if you stand up in front of the 1461 00:55:31,070 --> 00:55:32,409 camera, nobody's happy. 1462 00:55:32,410 --> 00:55:33,349 So. 1463 00:55:33,350 --> 00:55:35,989 OK, microphone number one, please. 1464 00:55:35,990 --> 00:55:38,119 Well, first of all, thanks for spending 1465 00:55:38,120 --> 00:55:39,859 our tax money and a really reasonable and 1466 00:55:39,860 --> 00:55:40,909 totally cool way. 1467 00:55:47,070 --> 00:55:49,199 So I was wondering if 1468 00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:51,149 we assume agencies with basically 1469 00:55:51,150 --> 00:55:52,559 unlimited funding and highly 1470 00:55:52,560 --> 00:55:54,090 compartmentalized information. 1471 00:55:55,230 --> 00:55:57,869 Do you see any practical risk that 1472 00:55:57,870 --> 00:56:00,539 they, in air quotes have the technology 1473 00:56:00,540 --> 00:56:02,909 at scale and we simply do not know about 1474 00:56:02,910 --> 00:56:03,910 it? 1475 00:56:04,500 --> 00:56:06,149 Yeah, I'm asked this question. 1476 00:56:06,150 --> 00:56:07,419 I'm asking quite a lot. 1477 00:56:07,420 --> 00:56:09,689 And of course, it's hard for me to 1478 00:56:09,690 --> 00:56:12,389 to to really give an estimation 1479 00:56:12,390 --> 00:56:13,390 about that. 1480 00:56:15,840 --> 00:56:18,239 Usually I would say I'm I'm pretty. 1481 00:56:19,680 --> 00:56:21,689 I have an eye on the on the on the 1482 00:56:21,690 --> 00:56:24,389 developments that that happen in 1483 00:56:24,390 --> 00:56:26,639 in in science or in my 1484 00:56:26,640 --> 00:56:29,369 field at least. And what you usually 1485 00:56:29,370 --> 00:56:31,469 see is that you you 1486 00:56:31,470 --> 00:56:33,719 have publications on one topic 1487 00:56:33,720 --> 00:56:35,759 and when it's really getting dangerous, 1488 00:56:35,760 --> 00:56:37,529 those publications will drop and you will 1489 00:56:37,530 --> 00:56:38,880 not hear any more 1490 00:56:40,470 --> 00:56:42,599 about the findings in that field. 1491 00:56:42,600 --> 00:56:44,759 And people, the experts that are working 1492 00:56:44,760 --> 00:56:46,979 on in these fields are 1493 00:56:46,980 --> 00:56:47,980 vanishing. 1494 00:56:51,330 --> 00:56:53,729 So I would say 1495 00:56:53,730 --> 00:56:55,709 optimistically, I don't think that they 1496 00:56:55,710 --> 00:56:57,929 are much further, but I cannot say maybe 1497 00:56:57,930 --> 00:57:00,719 they are further than the publications 1498 00:57:00,720 --> 00:57:02,789 such with with Stuxnet. 1499 00:57:02,790 --> 00:57:05,129 We've seen that academia 1500 00:57:05,130 --> 00:57:07,709 has said some people have said that 1501 00:57:07,710 --> 00:57:10,529 what was in Stuxnet cryptographically 1502 00:57:10,530 --> 00:57:12,659 was years or even decades 1503 00:57:12,660 --> 00:57:14,629 ahead of what academia knew about. 1504 00:57:14,630 --> 00:57:15,630 So, 1505 00:57:17,250 --> 00:57:19,969 yeah, what that makes 1506 00:57:19,970 --> 00:57:22,289 me a little pessimistic view on the work 1507 00:57:22,290 --> 00:57:23,309 I'm doing every day. 1508 00:57:23,310 --> 00:57:25,949 But, yeah, I 1509 00:57:25,950 --> 00:57:28,619 hope you're not right, but I cannot. 1510 00:57:28,620 --> 00:57:29,969 Yeah. 1511 00:57:29,970 --> 00:57:31,979 Thank you. Thank you. 1512 00:57:31,980 --> 00:57:34,079 So if there's no talk by Nicholas next 1513 00:57:34,080 --> 00:57:35,160 year, you know what happened. 1514 00:57:38,410 --> 00:57:40,539 I'm either really rich 1515 00:57:40,540 --> 00:57:42,639 then or turn to the dark 1516 00:57:42,640 --> 00:57:43,640 side, so, 1517 00:57:45,340 --> 00:57:46,340 yeah, right. 1518 00:57:54,280 --> 00:57:56,500 The chances are really low, 1519 00:57:58,160 --> 00:57:59,269 Mike. 1520 00:57:59,270 --> 00:58:00,759 Number three, please. 1521 00:58:00,760 --> 00:58:02,949 Hello. Um, do you think there's 1522 00:58:02,950 --> 00:58:05,019 a big difference between building a 1523 00:58:05,020 --> 00:58:07,209 quantum computer with a few hundred bytes 1524 00:58:07,210 --> 00:58:08,979 or a few thousand bytes? 1525 00:58:08,980 --> 00:58:10,579 Because that's an important question, 1526 00:58:10,580 --> 00:58:12,519 whether we should elliptic curves. 1527 00:58:12,520 --> 00:58:14,769 And do you have any estimation 1528 00:58:14,770 --> 00:58:16,779 how long it will take until we have a 1529 00:58:16,780 --> 00:58:18,010 practical quantum computer? 1530 00:58:19,060 --> 00:58:21,339 That's really tough questions because 1531 00:58:21,340 --> 00:58:23,499 we are this is really fundamental 1532 00:58:23,500 --> 00:58:24,399 science right now. 1533 00:58:24,400 --> 00:58:26,049 And we are really struggling with a few 1534 00:58:26,050 --> 00:58:28,659 cubits, having them entangled 1535 00:58:28,660 --> 00:58:31,029 for a longer period of time or 1536 00:58:31,030 --> 00:58:32,259 for a time. That's enough to do 1537 00:58:32,260 --> 00:58:33,279 calculations with that. 1538 00:58:33,280 --> 00:58:35,280 And you see, we are like, uh, 1539 00:58:36,460 --> 00:58:38,169 yeah, this this is really not like 1540 00:58:38,170 --> 00:58:39,999 Moore's Law that we could say now we're 1541 00:58:40,000 --> 00:58:41,019 at ten. 1542 00:58:41,020 --> 00:58:43,299 And so we just calculate and say in 20 1543 00:58:43,300 --> 00:58:44,829 years we have the thousands that you 1544 00:58:44,830 --> 00:58:45,830 need. 1545 00:58:47,260 --> 00:58:48,819 There might be there is so much 1546 00:58:48,820 --> 00:58:50,919 fundamental physics to be done there. 1547 00:58:50,920 --> 00:58:52,179 Material science. 1548 00:58:53,410 --> 00:58:55,719 I couldn't even tell you if a real 1549 00:58:55,720 --> 00:58:58,269 working diamond or a quantum computer, 1550 00:58:58,270 --> 00:58:59,829 there will be quantum computers, that's 1551 00:58:59,830 --> 00:59:02,229 for sure. But will that be realized 1552 00:59:02,230 --> 00:59:04,209 in diamonds? I cannot tell you because 1553 00:59:04,210 --> 00:59:05,829 there are so many problems. 1554 00:59:05,830 --> 00:59:06,819 Just what you said. 1555 00:59:06,820 --> 00:59:09,369 If you if you were starting with a few 1556 00:59:09,370 --> 00:59:12,009 quantum bits, they they disturb 1557 00:59:12,010 --> 00:59:14,049 themselves. And so it's getting 1558 00:59:14,050 --> 00:59:17,109 increasingly difficult if you increase 1559 00:59:17,110 --> 00:59:19,389 starting with four cubits going to eight 1560 00:59:19,390 --> 00:59:20,619 or 16. 1561 00:59:20,620 --> 00:59:21,939 So that's really hard. 1562 00:59:21,940 --> 00:59:24,429 I don't dare to give you any numbers 1563 00:59:24,430 --> 00:59:26,979 if that would be possible 1564 00:59:26,980 --> 00:59:29,109 in the future or even when it 1565 00:59:29,110 --> 00:59:30,879 will be possible. So I'm sorry. 1566 00:59:30,880 --> 00:59:32,799 Can you say something like this is much 1567 00:59:32,800 --> 00:59:35,049 more difficult to build 4000 1568 00:59:35,050 --> 00:59:37,030 compared to four hundred bits. 1569 00:59:38,910 --> 00:59:40,139 That's really important for the 1570 00:59:40,140 --> 00:59:41,460 cryptographic implications. 1571 00:59:47,020 --> 00:59:49,659 Since we haven't realized for hundreds, 1572 00:59:49,660 --> 00:59:51,839 I'm not sure we find methods 1573 00:59:51,840 --> 00:59:53,499 that will scale. 1574 00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:54,639 That's that's the question. 1575 00:59:54,640 --> 00:59:56,919 If we find methods to produce, I mean, we 1576 00:59:56,920 --> 00:59:58,959 are really struggling to bring in 1577 00:59:58,960 --> 01:00:01,329 precisely of four 1578 01:00:01,330 --> 01:00:03,549 or eight in a specific distance 1579 01:00:03,550 --> 01:00:05,769 from each other. So, yes, when 1580 01:00:05,770 --> 01:00:07,449 when we have the methods to make it with 1581 01:00:07,450 --> 01:00:09,189 aid, maybe it's possible to make it with 1582 01:00:09,190 --> 01:00:10,719 four hundred and then we are at four 1583 01:00:10,720 --> 01:00:11,109 thousand. 1584 01:00:11,110 --> 01:00:13,269 But I see 1585 01:00:13,270 --> 01:00:16,059 no technology now that is scalable 1586 01:00:16,060 --> 01:00:18,429 to do that. So right now 1587 01:00:18,430 --> 01:00:19,919 I don't know how. 1588 01:00:21,310 --> 01:00:22,579 Thank you, Mike. 1589 01:00:22,580 --> 01:00:24,849 No one, please, you really 1590 01:00:24,850 --> 01:00:26,710 often talked about the 1591 01:00:27,910 --> 01:00:30,369 the the state of the 1592 01:00:30,370 --> 01:00:32,379 economy in the diamond. 1593 01:00:32,380 --> 01:00:34,509 How long of a 1594 01:00:34,510 --> 01:00:36,609 time period you're talking about? 1595 01:00:36,610 --> 01:00:39,099 They they stay stable 1596 01:00:39,100 --> 01:00:39,969 some milliseconds. 1597 01:00:39,970 --> 01:00:42,339 So I think from the 1598 01:00:42,340 --> 01:00:44,169 one publication that I showed, they 1599 01:00:44,170 --> 01:00:46,529 stated something like two milliseconds. 1600 01:00:46,530 --> 01:00:48,459 But that's enough to do some calculations 1601 01:00:49,630 --> 01:00:51,279 that that will be enough. 1602 01:00:51,280 --> 01:00:52,929 And then again, like the question before 1603 01:00:52,930 --> 01:00:54,609 we can initialize them again and do the 1604 01:00:54,610 --> 01:00:55,509 calculation again. 1605 01:00:55,510 --> 01:00:57,729 But that's, again, something 1606 01:00:57,730 --> 01:00:59,109 that we are working on. This is to 1607 01:00:59,110 --> 01:01:00,970 improve that time to make more 1608 01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:04,900 calculations after the initialization. 1609 01:01:06,320 --> 01:01:08,549 How about the Internet? 1610 01:01:08,550 --> 01:01:11,119 Yes, one question is, 1611 01:01:11,120 --> 01:01:13,399 or you talked a lot about our tax 1612 01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:15,889 money to your population excess. 1613 01:01:17,480 --> 01:01:20,149 Yes, I, I try to yeah. 1614 01:01:20,150 --> 01:01:22,039 My last paper, not on diamonds, but on 1615 01:01:22,040 --> 01:01:23,839 graphene was published op mixes. 1616 01:01:23,840 --> 01:01:25,989 So I'm I 1617 01:01:25,990 --> 01:01:28,849 is I really suffer 1618 01:01:29,960 --> 01:01:32,539 from the publication 1619 01:01:32,540 --> 01:01:33,540 system. 1620 01:01:34,190 --> 01:01:35,299 I feel your pain. 1621 01:01:35,300 --> 01:01:37,370 So I think it's really. 1622 01:01:43,020 --> 01:01:45,299 It's a shame that that's 1623 01:01:45,300 --> 01:01:47,429 you are not able to access the 1624 01:01:47,430 --> 01:01:49,259 publications. 1625 01:01:49,260 --> 01:01:51,509 The funny thing is not even I am able 1626 01:01:51,510 --> 01:01:53,609 to access all of my publications that 1627 01:01:53,610 --> 01:01:56,219 I published 1628 01:01:56,220 --> 01:01:58,949 some years ago because we canceled 1629 01:01:58,950 --> 01:02:01,289 the subscription of the Journal. 1630 01:02:01,290 --> 01:02:03,239 So I cannot access my own papers. 1631 01:02:03,240 --> 01:02:05,229 And that's absolutely bullshit. 1632 01:02:05,230 --> 01:02:07,889 So the whole system is 1633 01:02:07,890 --> 01:02:08,890 fucked up, but. 1634 01:02:16,070 --> 01:02:18,259 But to be fair, the 1635 01:02:18,260 --> 01:02:20,329 European Union is changing the system a 1636 01:02:20,330 --> 01:02:22,309 little bit now when I'm funded by 1637 01:02:22,310 --> 01:02:24,199 European money and also German 1638 01:02:27,110 --> 01:02:29,329 money from some funding agency, 1639 01:02:29,330 --> 01:02:31,699 they they expect that 1640 01:02:31,700 --> 01:02:33,829 that's a sign that I do will 1641 01:02:33,830 --> 01:02:36,409 be published open access. 1642 01:02:36,410 --> 01:02:38,629 So there is something going 1643 01:02:38,630 --> 01:02:41,329 on in that field. So that's not so 1644 01:02:41,330 --> 01:02:43,879 pessimistic or it's getting better there 1645 01:02:43,880 --> 01:02:44,880 at least. 1646 01:02:46,500 --> 01:02:47,750 Mike, number two, please. 1647 01:02:48,770 --> 01:02:50,959 You said you watched kind of watch 1648 01:02:50,960 --> 01:02:52,629 the market for us. 1649 01:02:52,630 --> 01:02:55,369 And I've got a question about 1650 01:02:55,370 --> 01:02:56,599 Dave. 1651 01:02:56,600 --> 01:02:58,669 Do they have a quantum computer 1652 01:02:58,670 --> 01:03:00,499 that conforms to your criteria 1653 01:03:03,230 --> 01:03:05,329 or I mean, Dave is a company 1654 01:03:05,330 --> 01:03:07,339 and so they are not publishing what they 1655 01:03:07,340 --> 01:03:07,549 have. 1656 01:03:07,550 --> 01:03:09,259 So it's really a little bit difficult to 1657 01:03:09,260 --> 01:03:11,509 get real hard facts on that. 1658 01:03:11,510 --> 01:03:13,599 But as 1659 01:03:13,600 --> 01:03:15,799 as from from everything 1660 01:03:15,800 --> 01:03:18,769 I know or I see 1661 01:03:18,770 --> 01:03:20,899 they have a different 1662 01:03:20,900 --> 01:03:22,579 realization of the of the quantum 1663 01:03:22,580 --> 01:03:23,509 computer. 1664 01:03:23,510 --> 01:03:25,009 They have something that is called 1665 01:03:25,010 --> 01:03:26,900 adiabatic quantum computer. 1666 01:03:28,040 --> 01:03:30,079 The real difference there is that they 1667 01:03:30,080 --> 01:03:32,420 are not working with, 1668 01:03:34,400 --> 01:03:36,529 as far as I understand it, with 1669 01:03:36,530 --> 01:03:37,939 really entangled covid. 1670 01:03:37,940 --> 01:03:40,039 So they are not 1671 01:03:40,040 --> 01:03:42,289 they haven't realized the 1672 01:03:42,290 --> 01:03:44,119 the power or they haven't set free the 1673 01:03:44,120 --> 01:03:45,829 power of a real quantum computer. 1674 01:03:47,120 --> 01:03:48,559 As I said, it's really hard to get 1675 01:03:48,560 --> 01:03:49,489 information out there. 1676 01:03:49,490 --> 01:03:51,769 But from everything I have read, 1677 01:03:51,770 --> 01:03:54,199 this is not a pure quantum computer 1678 01:03:54,200 --> 01:03:57,109 that I have suggested today here. 1679 01:03:57,110 --> 01:03:59,239 But this is, of course, 1680 01:03:59,240 --> 01:04:00,169 something. 1681 01:04:00,170 --> 01:04:01,639 I mean, this is a big company. 1682 01:04:01,640 --> 01:04:03,739 There are big companies behind that and 1683 01:04:03,740 --> 01:04:05,929 there is money and they are at least 1684 01:04:05,930 --> 01:04:08,119 working on the realization of the 1685 01:04:08,120 --> 01:04:08,989 of the principle. 1686 01:04:08,990 --> 01:04:11,089 So this is what I wanted to say with 1687 01:04:11,090 --> 01:04:13,159 the last sentence. So we need to be 1688 01:04:13,160 --> 01:04:15,049 aware of that, that people are working on 1689 01:04:15,050 --> 01:04:17,239 that people with lots 1690 01:04:17,240 --> 01:04:19,339 of money. So they are not 1691 01:04:19,340 --> 01:04:21,469 there yet. This is not a quantum computer 1692 01:04:21,470 --> 01:04:23,119 I'm talking about in the quantum computer 1693 01:04:23,120 --> 01:04:25,549 that will crack all our 1694 01:04:25,550 --> 01:04:27,019 passwords. 1695 01:04:27,020 --> 01:04:28,489 But people are working on that. 1696 01:04:30,970 --> 01:04:31,970 Number three, please, 1697 01:04:34,060 --> 01:04:36,429 you presented two different 1698 01:04:36,430 --> 01:04:38,349 methods, how you get the nitrogen and the 1699 01:04:38,350 --> 01:04:41,259 gaps and the diamonds and the well 1700 01:04:41,260 --> 01:04:42,939 and the pictures, we saw different 1701 01:04:42,940 --> 01:04:45,219 orientations of the nitrogen and 1702 01:04:45,220 --> 01:04:46,299 the gas. 1703 01:04:46,300 --> 01:04:47,619 And I was wondering if it makes a 1704 01:04:47,620 --> 01:04:49,269 difference and if so, if you can 1705 01:04:49,270 --> 01:04:51,340 influence what is then orientation. 1706 01:04:55,270 --> 01:04:56,319 It makes no difference. 1707 01:04:56,320 --> 01:04:58,389 And we we don't have 1708 01:04:58,390 --> 01:05:00,019 influence like like you saw. 1709 01:05:00,020 --> 01:05:01,659 It's more like a random process. 1710 01:05:01,660 --> 01:05:03,879 So we we shoot the ions in there or 1711 01:05:03,880 --> 01:05:05,979 incorporate the nitrogen and then make 1712 01:05:05,980 --> 01:05:07,719 this tempering step. 1713 01:05:07,720 --> 01:05:11,079 And this is a self organizing process. 1714 01:05:11,080 --> 01:05:12,099 This is actually the 1715 01:05:15,490 --> 01:05:17,589 this is the heart thing or we 1716 01:05:17,590 --> 01:05:19,689 were working on that. So I'm 1717 01:05:19,690 --> 01:05:21,820 funded by this Mercato Research 1718 01:05:24,220 --> 01:05:26,289 funding agency. And that is the 1719 01:05:26,290 --> 01:05:28,569 the task that we are working on right 1720 01:05:28,570 --> 01:05:30,729 now is how how are we 1721 01:05:30,730 --> 01:05:32,569 able to put the N.V. 1722 01:05:32,570 --> 01:05:34,389 centers at a specific positions where we 1723 01:05:34,390 --> 01:05:35,679 want to have them. 1724 01:05:35,680 --> 01:05:38,409 But that is not orientation but position. 1725 01:05:38,410 --> 01:05:40,180 And how can we. 1726 01:05:41,490 --> 01:05:43,119 Yeah, how is that influencing the 1727 01:05:43,120 --> 01:05:44,859 performance of the envy's centers in our 1728 01:05:44,860 --> 01:05:45,999 diamond? 1729 01:05:46,000 --> 01:05:49,299 But in the end, there is not 1730 01:05:49,300 --> 01:05:51,309 when it comes to the orientation or this 1731 01:05:51,310 --> 01:05:53,289 annealing step, there is no control if 1732 01:05:53,290 --> 01:05:54,909 you want like this. I mean, we have some 1733 01:05:54,910 --> 01:05:57,819 process control of of course, temperature 1734 01:05:57,820 --> 01:06:00,189 and and basically 1735 01:06:00,190 --> 01:06:02,559 temperature to 1736 01:06:02,560 --> 01:06:05,229 to make this more efficiently or 1737 01:06:05,230 --> 01:06:07,989 lets a vacancy move faster and and 1738 01:06:07,990 --> 01:06:09,549 give them more energy to move. 1739 01:06:09,550 --> 01:06:10,599 But that's all. 1740 01:06:10,600 --> 01:06:11,709 Yeah. 1741 01:06:11,710 --> 01:06:13,779 Thank you. OK, we are unfortunately 1742 01:06:13,780 --> 01:06:15,759 out of time, so I have to officially shut 1743 01:06:15,760 --> 01:06:17,919 this down. But here Nicholas is still 1744 01:06:17,920 --> 01:06:19,779 here. So if you have questions, just come 1745 01:06:19,780 --> 01:06:20,780 up. Thank you. 1746 01:06:22,150 --> 01:06:23,949 Police used to from Texas.