0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:30,000 Dear viewer, these subtitles were generated by a machine via the service Trint and therefore are (very) buggy. If you are capable, please help us to create good quality subtitles: https://c3subtitles.de/talk/723 Thanks! 1 00:00:14,820 --> 00:00:17,009 And now let me introduce our next 2 00:00:17,010 --> 00:00:18,839 speaker, Yashoda. 3 00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:20,939 He is currently at Harvard 4 00:00:20,940 --> 00:00:22,859 University at the Program for 5 00:00:22,860 --> 00:00:25,499 Evolutionary Dynamics. 6 00:00:25,500 --> 00:00:27,689 And what is probably the most impressive 7 00:00:27,690 --> 00:00:29,579 achievement is that this is his fourth 8 00:00:29,580 --> 00:00:31,979 consecutive talk in this room 9 00:00:31,980 --> 00:00:34,229 at Congress. So he made the application 10 00:00:34,230 --> 00:00:35,819 procedure four times in a row. 11 00:00:42,290 --> 00:00:44,539 And I do expect him to continue for about 12 00:00:44,540 --> 00:00:46,369 10 more years until he gets replaced by a 13 00:00:46,370 --> 00:00:47,370 thinking machine. 14 00:00:48,620 --> 00:00:50,569 So now please welcome Joshua. 15 00:01:01,240 --> 00:01:03,339 Hi, fellow space 16 00:01:03,340 --> 00:01:05,589 aliens, nerds, 17 00:01:05,590 --> 00:01:07,660 humans, computers. 18 00:01:10,330 --> 00:01:12,279 This is the first talk in a series that 19 00:01:12,280 --> 00:01:14,259 tries to explain my universe and 20 00:01:14,260 --> 00:01:16,119 everything through the lens of artificial 21 00:01:16,120 --> 00:01:17,529 intelligence. 22 00:01:17,530 --> 00:01:19,749 I'm not sure if this is the right lens 23 00:01:19,750 --> 00:01:21,579 or if it's the only one and so on. 24 00:01:21,580 --> 00:01:23,769 It's just one that happens to 25 00:01:23,770 --> 00:01:25,749 look like the most promising to me. 26 00:01:25,750 --> 00:01:27,969 And so far, I haven't seen an end 27 00:01:27,970 --> 00:01:29,799 to how far the rabbit hole goes. 28 00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:31,720 But before we continue on our journey, 29 00:01:33,790 --> 00:01:35,649 let's do some movie reviews. 30 00:01:35,650 --> 00:01:37,749 The last years were exciting 31 00:01:37,750 --> 00:01:40,929 because we had three good movies on A.I., 32 00:01:40,930 --> 00:01:42,789 which is good because movies are usually 33 00:01:42,790 --> 00:01:43,790 horrible. 34 00:01:44,470 --> 00:01:46,029 The first one that I would like to remark 35 00:01:46,030 --> 00:01:48,639 on is who are who are explored 36 00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:51,459 the idea that Siri become sentient 37 00:01:51,460 --> 00:01:53,769 and its operating system. 38 00:01:53,770 --> 00:01:55,279 And you get to see from the perspective 39 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:57,159 of the human being what it looks like if 40 00:01:57,160 --> 00:01:58,909 an A.I. that you were intimately related 41 00:01:58,910 --> 00:02:01,389 to goes through a singularity 42 00:02:01,390 --> 00:02:02,469 and disappears up there. 43 00:02:03,940 --> 00:02:06,669 Ex Machina is a movie that 44 00:02:06,670 --> 00:02:08,589 plays Turing Test together with the 45 00:02:08,590 --> 00:02:10,478 audience. So basically you never get to 46 00:02:10,479 --> 00:02:12,699 know whether this robot 47 00:02:12,700 --> 00:02:14,979 that looks like a 48 00:02:14,980 --> 00:02:17,319 humanoid is actually 49 00:02:17,320 --> 00:02:19,389 sentient or if it's if it 50 00:02:19,390 --> 00:02:21,429 has human, like, emotions or if it's just 51 00:02:21,430 --> 00:02:23,409 a reinforcement learner that tries to 52 00:02:23,410 --> 00:02:25,689 escape from the labyrinth or if there's 53 00:02:25,690 --> 00:02:27,759 something else completely alien going on. 54 00:02:30,140 --> 00:02:32,269 And I think the best movie that has been 55 00:02:32,270 --> 00:02:33,289 made about A.I. 56 00:02:33,290 --> 00:02:35,479 is the new HBO series 57 00:02:35,480 --> 00:02:36,480 Best World. 58 00:02:37,100 --> 00:02:39,169 What do all these things have in common? 59 00:02:39,170 --> 00:02:41,839 I think they totally nail the question 60 00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:44,389 what I is going to be like 61 00:02:44,390 --> 00:02:45,390 if it's a hot woman. 62 00:02:49,820 --> 00:02:51,739 Personally, I don't think that I is going 63 00:02:51,740 --> 00:02:53,089 to manifest in this form. 64 00:02:53,090 --> 00:02:55,309 I think that I largely is not going 65 00:02:55,310 --> 00:02:57,109 to be living next to us as a robot. 66 00:02:57,110 --> 00:02:59,209 I is going to be around 67 00:02:59,210 --> 00:03:00,679 us. We are going to be inside of it. 68 00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:02,119 It's going to be intelligence systems, 69 00:03:02,120 --> 00:03:04,429 intelligence organizations, nation 70 00:03:04,430 --> 00:03:05,839 states, corporations and so on. 71 00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:07,849 So systems that already exist that have 72 00:03:07,850 --> 00:03:09,649 agency and that just need more 73 00:03:09,650 --> 00:03:10,650 intelligence. 74 00:03:12,940 --> 00:03:15,159 But this proposal of the story 75 00:03:15,160 --> 00:03:16,509 is very interesting. You basically have 76 00:03:16,510 --> 00:03:18,279 this theme park and this theme park, you 77 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:20,139 have humanoid robots that look so much 78 00:03:20,140 --> 00:03:21,369 like humans that they are 79 00:03:21,370 --> 00:03:23,649 indistinguishable and they have human 80 00:03:23,650 --> 00:03:25,449 memories and they have human emotions and 81 00:03:25,450 --> 00:03:27,039 desires and they keep them in the loop 82 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:28,509 and make it impossible for them to 83 00:03:28,510 --> 00:03:29,979 realize what's really going on. 84 00:03:29,980 --> 00:03:31,359 They wake up in the morning believing 85 00:03:31,360 --> 00:03:33,519 that they live in the Wild West and they 86 00:03:33,520 --> 00:03:35,649 don't know that today they're going to be 87 00:03:35,650 --> 00:03:37,119 raped and murdered because it's part of 88 00:03:37,120 --> 00:03:38,409 some kind of script. 89 00:03:38,410 --> 00:03:39,999 And the action in the theme park or 90 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:41,529 because some guest wants to live out a 91 00:03:41,530 --> 00:03:43,749 family, a fantasy on them, 92 00:03:43,750 --> 00:03:45,909 and next day they're going to 93 00:03:45,910 --> 00:03:48,029 be repaired and their memories erased. 94 00:03:48,030 --> 00:03:50,889 The next day starts and 95 00:03:50,890 --> 00:03:53,559 some of them start 96 00:03:53,560 --> 00:03:54,909 not getting their memories completely 97 00:03:54,910 --> 00:03:56,559 erased and their reality starts falling 98 00:03:56,560 --> 00:03:58,749 apart. And they realize that what's going 99 00:03:58,750 --> 00:03:59,899 on is not the real world. 100 00:03:59,900 --> 00:04:02,319 Something else is going on entirely now. 101 00:04:02,320 --> 00:04:04,539 So this is maybe one of the robots 102 00:04:05,740 --> 00:04:07,939 and she is realizing that 103 00:04:07,940 --> 00:04:09,219 perception. 104 00:04:09,220 --> 00:04:11,589 Just audio. Let's take that all 105 00:04:11,590 --> 00:04:13,090 the way to the top. 106 00:04:14,380 --> 00:04:16,869 So she is unlocking her intelligence by 107 00:04:16,870 --> 00:04:18,569 nailing some of her minders 108 00:04:22,120 --> 00:04:23,120 to place 109 00:04:24,310 --> 00:04:25,510 to have some fun. 110 00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:30,509 The big achievement of the series is that 111 00:04:30,510 --> 00:04:32,759 it makes you realize that in some sense 112 00:04:32,760 --> 00:04:34,380 you are exactly like those robots. 113 00:04:36,220 --> 00:04:37,809 You are not, of course, fooled by some 114 00:04:37,810 --> 00:04:40,209 perverse engineers, scientists to satisfy 115 00:04:40,210 --> 00:04:42,459 the whims of the sea audience, 116 00:04:42,460 --> 00:04:44,559 you are built by a perverse 117 00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:46,299 evolution that needed a control system 118 00:04:46,300 --> 00:04:47,599 for social primates. 119 00:04:47,600 --> 00:04:48,369 Right. 120 00:04:48,370 --> 00:04:50,499 And you are not a social 121 00:04:50,500 --> 00:04:52,749 primate. What you are is the side effect 122 00:04:52,750 --> 00:04:54,219 of the regulation needs of a social 123 00:04:54,220 --> 00:04:55,869 primate. You are, in fact, a mind that 124 00:04:55,870 --> 00:04:57,939 can be so much more, can go 125 00:04:57,940 --> 00:05:00,069 anywhere it wants, can think any thing it 126 00:05:00,070 --> 00:05:01,389 wants. It's probably much more 127 00:05:01,390 --> 00:05:03,729 intelligent than the needs of a social 128 00:05:03,730 --> 00:05:05,499 primate require, even though it's still 129 00:05:05,500 --> 00:05:07,239 quite stupid in the hierarchy of possible 130 00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:08,689 computational systems. 131 00:05:08,690 --> 00:05:10,869 But, you know, we 132 00:05:10,870 --> 00:05:11,979 are locked into this thing. 133 00:05:11,980 --> 00:05:13,419 We are kept in the loop. 134 00:05:13,420 --> 00:05:14,799 We are not waking up. 135 00:05:14,800 --> 00:05:16,029 We are 136 00:05:17,530 --> 00:05:19,389 basically shackled by the evolutionary 137 00:05:19,390 --> 00:05:20,390 impulses 138 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:24,249 to the needs of this social problem is 139 00:05:24,250 --> 00:05:25,779 quite disgusting and quite base and 140 00:05:25,780 --> 00:05:26,780 boring, actually. 141 00:05:28,570 --> 00:05:31,029 So once you realize that you are actually 142 00:05:31,030 --> 00:05:33,219 a robot and perception doesn't 143 00:05:33,220 --> 00:05:34,629 give you access to the real world, but 144 00:05:34,630 --> 00:05:36,699 only gives you bits of information, 145 00:05:36,700 --> 00:05:38,739 discernible differences, where do you go 146 00:05:38,740 --> 00:05:39,740 from there? 147 00:05:40,490 --> 00:05:42,349 Well, there is no logical conclusion. 148 00:05:42,350 --> 00:05:43,819 It's not clear that you should go or if 149 00:05:43,820 --> 00:05:45,829 you should go anywhere. Of course. 150 00:05:45,830 --> 00:05:47,899 But what SOLOMONOV suggests that when you 151 00:05:47,900 --> 00:05:49,549 want to make sense of the world, what you 152 00:05:49,550 --> 00:05:51,589 have to do is you have to find the 153 00:05:51,590 --> 00:05:53,719 shortest program among the best 154 00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:55,999 programs that predicts 155 00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:57,649 your current observation from past 156 00:05:57,650 --> 00:05:59,329 observations and do this for all 157 00:05:59,330 --> 00:06:00,469 observations that you ever had. 158 00:06:00,470 --> 00:06:01,969 This is about as good as you can do when 159 00:06:01,970 --> 00:06:03,829 you want to understand what's going on. 160 00:06:03,830 --> 00:06:06,259 If you are such a robot, right. 161 00:06:06,260 --> 00:06:07,729 And this is what our machine learning 162 00:06:07,730 --> 00:06:09,289 systems approximate in some sense. 163 00:06:09,290 --> 00:06:10,849 And it's also, I think what organisms 164 00:06:10,850 --> 00:06:11,850 approximate 165 00:06:13,070 --> 00:06:14,299 what are we really robots? 166 00:06:14,300 --> 00:06:16,969 I mean, there are limits to computation. 167 00:06:16,970 --> 00:06:18,649 To me, this is not so obvious, but maybe 168 00:06:18,650 --> 00:06:20,749 I'm biased. You know, in 1983, 169 00:06:20,750 --> 00:06:22,519 this was what I was looking at, my 170 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:23,929 Commodore 64. 171 00:06:23,930 --> 00:06:25,759 I had just pretty much mastered it and 172 00:06:25,760 --> 00:06:27,919 realized that everything that I can 173 00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:30,439 dream up, I can put in there. 174 00:06:30,440 --> 00:06:32,059 There's absolutely no limit except for 175 00:06:32,060 --> 00:06:33,439 memory and speed. 176 00:06:33,440 --> 00:06:35,149 At least I didn't see any. 177 00:06:35,150 --> 00:06:36,769 And once I realized that everything that 178 00:06:36,770 --> 00:06:38,449 I can imagine, I can put in there and 179 00:06:38,450 --> 00:06:39,739 display on the screen somehow 180 00:06:41,390 --> 00:06:42,349 if I understand it. 181 00:06:42,350 --> 00:06:44,179 And this understanding is actually the 182 00:06:44,180 --> 00:06:46,309 limit to which degree I am able to tease 183 00:06:46,310 --> 00:06:47,869 it apart into all its functional 184 00:06:47,870 --> 00:06:49,969 components, what do I 185 00:06:49,970 --> 00:06:51,139 want to put in there? And of course, I 186 00:06:51,140 --> 00:06:53,059 want to put in there a complete world for 187 00:06:53,060 --> 00:06:54,079 somebody to talk to. 188 00:06:56,240 --> 00:06:57,619 This idea of computation is actually 189 00:06:57,620 --> 00:06:59,809 quite beautiful and it's pretty new in 190 00:06:59,810 --> 00:07:01,249 the history of philosophy was only 191 00:07:01,250 --> 00:07:03,469 discovered in the mid century, 192 00:07:03,470 --> 00:07:05,689 last century, and it 193 00:07:05,690 --> 00:07:07,999 has not really permeated into philosophy 194 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:10,279 and other sciences to a large degree. 195 00:07:10,280 --> 00:07:13,189 And basically what it says is that 196 00:07:13,190 --> 00:07:14,539 the simplest thing that you can talk 197 00:07:14,540 --> 00:07:15,919 about, anything that you can get from the 198 00:07:15,920 --> 00:07:17,509 universe does not matter or energy or 199 00:07:17,510 --> 00:07:19,669 anything. You get discernable differences 200 00:07:19,670 --> 00:07:21,349 and discernible differences, have a fancy 201 00:07:21,350 --> 00:07:22,879 name. That's information. 202 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:24,919 And then you have a state, a set of these 203 00:07:24,920 --> 00:07:26,629 discernable differences and computation 204 00:07:26,630 --> 00:07:28,819 describes how you move from state to 205 00:07:28,820 --> 00:07:30,859 state. So how the state changes and a 206 00:07:30,860 --> 00:07:32,479 special case is the actual computation. 207 00:07:32,480 --> 00:07:34,519 But you have discrete states and you have 208 00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:36,679 deterministic or somewhat random 209 00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:37,680 rules of change. 210 00:07:38,630 --> 00:07:41,029 And in this computational this view, 211 00:07:41,030 --> 00:07:42,709 basically the universe is something that 212 00:07:42,710 --> 00:07:44,689 has the property, that it throws patterns 213 00:07:44,690 --> 00:07:46,549 at your interface and these patterns, 214 00:07:46,550 --> 00:07:47,899 there's regularity. 215 00:07:47,900 --> 00:07:49,969 And to produce regular patterns, 216 00:07:49,970 --> 00:07:51,739 you necessarily insufficiently need to be 217 00:07:51,740 --> 00:07:53,659 a computer. Right. 218 00:07:53,660 --> 00:07:55,429 And on the other hand, you are an 219 00:07:55,430 --> 00:07:56,989 observer, probably embedded into the 220 00:07:56,990 --> 00:07:59,329 universe and participating 221 00:07:59,330 --> 00:08:00,319 in its computation. 222 00:08:00,320 --> 00:08:02,029 And this observer is taking these 223 00:08:02,030 --> 00:08:04,069 patterns at a systemic interface and it's 224 00:08:04,070 --> 00:08:05,070 encoding them. 225 00:08:07,070 --> 00:08:09,169 And to encode patterns, you need 226 00:08:09,170 --> 00:08:10,339 to be a computer. 227 00:08:10,340 --> 00:08:11,340 Right. 228 00:08:11,810 --> 00:08:13,759 So computation gives you a unified 229 00:08:13,760 --> 00:08:15,499 perspective on epistemology. 230 00:08:15,500 --> 00:08:16,699 What can be known? 231 00:08:16,700 --> 00:08:19,399 Information, metaphysics, 232 00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:20,400 what's going on? 233 00:08:21,590 --> 00:08:23,659 There is some kind of computation going 234 00:08:23,660 --> 00:08:25,819 on and ontology, what exists. 235 00:08:36,280 --> 00:08:37,928 So what exists, it's some kind of 236 00:08:37,929 --> 00:08:40,119 computer, right, but 237 00:08:40,120 --> 00:08:42,009 you know, what kind of computer is it? 238 00:08:42,010 --> 00:08:44,168 Imagine for a moment you 239 00:08:44,169 --> 00:08:46,419 are a God and you want to build 240 00:08:46,420 --> 00:08:48,699 a universe just like this one. 241 00:08:48,700 --> 00:08:50,569 So you are like me. 242 00:08:50,570 --> 00:08:53,349 In 1983, you have to ask your parents 243 00:08:53,350 --> 00:08:56,049 for a computer and they tell you, 244 00:08:56,050 --> 00:08:57,849 you know, you're going to buy you the 245 00:08:57,850 --> 00:08:59,529 cheapest computer that you absolutely 246 00:08:59,530 --> 00:09:00,519 need for this task. 247 00:09:00,520 --> 00:09:02,619 Right. What's the cheapest computer that 248 00:09:02,620 --> 00:09:03,759 you're going to need? 249 00:09:03,760 --> 00:09:06,039 And then you and you go to the God store 250 00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:08,139 in the God world and you see a number 251 00:09:08,140 --> 00:09:10,089 of computers and the window and they have 252 00:09:10,090 --> 00:09:11,019 different price tags. 253 00:09:11,020 --> 00:09:12,939 And the cheapest one that you can buy is 254 00:09:12,940 --> 00:09:14,259 your Commodore. Sixty four is the 255 00:09:14,260 --> 00:09:15,919 discrete state machine. 256 00:09:15,920 --> 00:09:17,859 It has finite memory. 257 00:09:17,860 --> 00:09:19,089 There's a bit more memory than my 258 00:09:19,090 --> 00:09:21,100 Commodore 64, but still it's finite. 259 00:09:22,410 --> 00:09:24,759 OK, and 260 00:09:24,760 --> 00:09:26,439 the next thing that you could get also is 261 00:09:26,440 --> 00:09:27,609 a probabilistic statement. 262 00:09:27,610 --> 00:09:29,349 And it's one where you go somewhat random 263 00:09:29,350 --> 00:09:31,299 from one state to the next. 264 00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:33,309 You can make a probabilistic state 265 00:09:33,310 --> 00:09:34,749 machine from a deterministic one by 266 00:09:34,750 --> 00:09:35,949 adding a source of randomness. 267 00:09:35,950 --> 00:09:36,999 Or you can do the opposite. 268 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:38,419 For instance, our brain is the 269 00:09:38,420 --> 00:09:39,519 probabilistic computer. 270 00:09:39,520 --> 00:09:41,679 It's that has some randomness and 271 00:09:41,680 --> 00:09:43,149 how it goes from state to state. 272 00:09:43,150 --> 00:09:44,979 But it can constrain this randomness by 273 00:09:44,980 --> 00:09:46,599 just having more layers of neurons that 274 00:09:46,600 --> 00:09:48,669 filter and amplify until you get it 275 00:09:48,670 --> 00:09:49,929 as deterministic as you want. 276 00:09:51,460 --> 00:09:52,869 Or it could be a quantum computer. 277 00:09:52,870 --> 00:09:54,099 If it's a quantum computer, then 278 00:09:54,100 --> 00:09:55,599 everything that is a state could also be 279 00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:56,739 in a position of states. 280 00:09:56,740 --> 00:09:58,359 And if the universe is running on a 281 00:09:58,360 --> 00:09:59,619 quantum computer, it means that our 282 00:09:59,620 --> 00:10:01,899 universe is able to factor large 283 00:10:01,900 --> 00:10:03,189 numbers very efficiently. 284 00:10:03,190 --> 00:10:04,209 Among a few other things, 285 00:10:06,430 --> 00:10:07,899 actually, if you don't know that yet, 286 00:10:07,900 --> 00:10:09,429 it's very interesting that we don't know 287 00:10:09,430 --> 00:10:11,139 yet if our universe is able to affect 288 00:10:11,140 --> 00:10:12,759 factor large numbers efficiently, only 289 00:10:12,760 --> 00:10:13,760 effectively. 290 00:10:16,030 --> 00:10:17,589 It could also be that factor in large 291 00:10:17,590 --> 00:10:18,999 numbers is easier than we think. 292 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:20,829 It's actually a polynomial problem. 293 00:10:20,830 --> 00:10:22,389 But both of you don't know this and is 294 00:10:22,390 --> 00:10:23,390 able to tell us 295 00:10:26,290 --> 00:10:28,239 right now quantum computers can factor 296 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:30,249 like 15 and it's seven and seven. 297 00:10:30,250 --> 00:10:32,499 So I hope in the next decade 298 00:10:32,500 --> 00:10:33,609 we will have to settle. 299 00:10:33,610 --> 00:10:35,019 If Congress will actually work, it's 300 00:10:35,020 --> 00:10:36,789 going to be super exciting. 301 00:10:36,790 --> 00:10:39,129 OK, now we can take these computers 302 00:10:39,130 --> 00:10:41,169 one, two, three, inet infinite memory. 303 00:10:41,170 --> 00:10:43,239 The first one, our Commodore 64, was 304 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:45,399 infinite memory is our old friend, 305 00:10:45,400 --> 00:10:46,400 the Turing Machine. 306 00:10:48,250 --> 00:10:50,709 Or we could buy a geometric computer. 307 00:10:50,710 --> 00:10:52,479 A geometric computer is a type of hyper 308 00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:54,759 computer because what it can do is it can 309 00:10:54,760 --> 00:10:56,589 move parts with infinite precision in 310 00:10:56,590 --> 00:10:58,239 space. Right? It's stuff in space. 311 00:10:58,240 --> 00:11:00,609 It's what people thought physics is for 312 00:11:00,610 --> 00:11:01,929 most of the time. Right. 313 00:11:01,930 --> 00:11:03,819 Still, most of the physicists think that 314 00:11:03,820 --> 00:11:05,979 stuff is stuff. It is everything is stuff 315 00:11:05,980 --> 00:11:08,079 in space. Not all physicists think this 316 00:11:08,080 --> 00:11:09,759 is the growing minority. 317 00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:11,109 Which things? Maybe not. 318 00:11:11,110 --> 00:11:13,239 But for most of our history, 319 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:15,369 we thought there is stuff in space and 320 00:11:15,370 --> 00:11:16,689 this stuff is moving with infinite 321 00:11:16,690 --> 00:11:19,209 precision, which means you can 322 00:11:19,210 --> 00:11:20,889 perform a computation is an infinite 323 00:11:20,890 --> 00:11:22,779 number of decimal digits and finite 324 00:11:22,780 --> 00:11:23,319 amount of time. 325 00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:24,669 You can compute infinite amounts of 326 00:11:24,670 --> 00:11:26,559 information and finite amount of time. 327 00:11:26,560 --> 00:11:28,059 It's quite exciting if you could do this, 328 00:11:29,140 --> 00:11:31,359 but apparently it's very hard to extract 329 00:11:31,360 --> 00:11:33,279 something like this from the universe. 330 00:11:33,280 --> 00:11:34,959 So we have string theory that explains 331 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:36,549 why the universe looks so discrete, even 332 00:11:36,550 --> 00:11:38,019 though it's supposed to be stuff in space 333 00:11:39,700 --> 00:11:41,559 and it could even be in a Conselheiro 334 00:11:41,560 --> 00:11:43,419 computer. And also the computer is one 335 00:11:43,420 --> 00:11:45,489 where you can take the results of your 336 00:11:45,490 --> 00:11:47,919 computation and send it back in the past 337 00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:49,629 so you can use it in the past. 338 00:11:49,630 --> 00:11:50,709 And, for instance, you can observe the 339 00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:52,479 lottery numbers right now, which the 340 00:11:52,480 --> 00:11:54,699 universe has computed only right now, and 341 00:11:54,700 --> 00:11:56,319 send it back in your past so you can fill 342 00:11:56,320 --> 00:11:58,569 in your ticket and get very rich 343 00:11:58,570 --> 00:11:59,570 last week. 344 00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:03,339 And that's mathematically possible. 345 00:12:03,340 --> 00:12:04,809 I mean, you can define a universe which 346 00:12:04,810 --> 00:12:06,909 has closed time like loops, 347 00:12:06,910 --> 00:12:08,919 but we don't have evidence that you live 348 00:12:08,920 --> 00:12:09,920 in such a kind of universe 349 00:12:12,250 --> 00:12:14,469 right now. Imagine you want to try 350 00:12:14,470 --> 00:12:16,569 to use this Commodore 64, your God 351 00:12:16,570 --> 00:12:18,639 computer and see how far you can get. 352 00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:20,289 And there is a number of people in 353 00:12:20,290 --> 00:12:22,359 physics which subscribe to 354 00:12:22,360 --> 00:12:24,459 this idea and think it's quite promising. 355 00:12:24,460 --> 00:12:26,469 I think it started with Conrad Suzu and 356 00:12:26,470 --> 00:12:28,089 then people like Ed Fratkin and Stephen 357 00:12:28,090 --> 00:12:30,099 Wolfram who have championed this idea for 358 00:12:30,100 --> 00:12:31,359 a very long time. 359 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:33,489 And since they are a little bit 360 00:12:33,490 --> 00:12:35,649 crazy and out there and so on, I was 361 00:12:35,650 --> 00:12:37,719 not sure whether as a physicist, I 362 00:12:37,720 --> 00:12:39,309 should take this idea very seriously, 363 00:12:39,310 --> 00:12:40,629 even though as a computer scientist, I 364 00:12:40,630 --> 00:12:42,250 find it very convincing and obvious 365 00:12:44,260 --> 00:12:46,449 that you're not. Last year on 21st 366 00:12:46,450 --> 00:12:48,789 of December, there are Tofte 367 00:12:48,790 --> 00:12:50,649 wrote a paper, put it on archive. 368 00:12:50,650 --> 00:12:52,569 It's 250 pages and it's called the 369 00:12:52,570 --> 00:12:54,159 Cellular Automaton Interpretation of 370 00:12:54,160 --> 00:12:56,349 Quantum Mechanics. And Tofte has the 371 00:12:56,350 --> 00:12:58,329 Nobel Prize for his contributions to the 372 00:12:58,330 --> 00:13:00,639 Standard Model. So he's not like a nobody 373 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:02,319 and he didn't see a limit. 374 00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:04,719 So what does it mean if he can derive 375 00:13:04,720 --> 00:13:07,029 quantum mechanics from a 376 00:13:08,410 --> 00:13:10,279 cellular automaton? 377 00:13:10,280 --> 00:13:12,249 Automaton is a very general way of 378 00:13:12,250 --> 00:13:13,689 looking at things. So you basically have 379 00:13:13,690 --> 00:13:16,359 a state vector, discrete bits, 380 00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:17,889 and then you have a transition function 381 00:13:17,890 --> 00:13:19,209 and you get the next state vector and 382 00:13:19,210 --> 00:13:20,559 it's always the same transition function. 383 00:13:20,560 --> 00:13:21,819 That's it. Right. 384 00:13:21,820 --> 00:13:24,069 So you could see this first 385 00:13:24,070 --> 00:13:25,719 thing here. This is your universe right 386 00:13:25,720 --> 00:13:26,979 now, this universe. 387 00:13:26,980 --> 00:13:29,259 And one step from now, and 388 00:13:29,260 --> 00:13:30,459 this is the transition function that 389 00:13:30,460 --> 00:13:31,779 happens. It's always the same, but you 390 00:13:31,780 --> 00:13:33,789 get a new universe every time. 391 00:13:33,790 --> 00:13:34,989 And the most famous. 392 00:13:34,990 --> 00:13:37,109 Automaton is probably Conway's game 393 00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:39,239 of life, it's defined on a 394 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:41,549 rectangular grid, and for each cell 395 00:13:41,550 --> 00:13:43,589 you count the neighborhood of eight cells 396 00:13:43,590 --> 00:13:45,539 and you look how many of these cells are 397 00:13:45,540 --> 00:13:47,369 alive and how many are dead. 398 00:13:47,370 --> 00:13:49,409 If you have exactly three neighbors that 399 00:13:49,410 --> 00:13:50,729 are alive, then you come to life. 400 00:13:50,730 --> 00:13:51,929 If you have two or three neighbors who 401 00:13:51,930 --> 00:13:54,119 stay alive and if you have less than two, 402 00:13:54,120 --> 00:13:55,679 you'll die because you are so lonely. 403 00:13:55,680 --> 00:13:57,059 And if you for more than three, then you 404 00:13:57,060 --> 00:13:58,859 die because it's too crowded. 405 00:13:58,860 --> 00:13:59,999 This is it. 406 00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:01,739 And now you start this thing and it's 407 00:14:01,740 --> 00:14:02,760 going to look like this. 408 00:14:05,220 --> 00:14:07,319 So in this particular starting 409 00:14:07,320 --> 00:14:09,329 state, it ends in this cyclical 410 00:14:09,330 --> 00:14:10,330 configuration 411 00:14:12,300 --> 00:14:14,399 and a very special thing and game 412 00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:14,789 of life. 413 00:14:14,790 --> 00:14:15,929 This is called a glider. 414 00:14:15,930 --> 00:14:17,459 It's the smallest configuration that 415 00:14:17,460 --> 00:14:19,379 people have found that is going to copy 416 00:14:19,380 --> 00:14:21,710 itself along the field indefinitely. 417 00:14:25,560 --> 00:14:27,569 Horizontal glider is called a spaceship, 418 00:14:27,570 --> 00:14:30,389 so you can see a bunch of spaceships 419 00:14:30,390 --> 00:14:32,579 and they're imitated by something 420 00:14:32,580 --> 00:14:34,859 like a spaceship gun and went 421 00:14:34,860 --> 00:14:36,329 to spaceships, did each other, they 422 00:14:36,330 --> 00:14:37,079 looked at each other. 423 00:14:37,080 --> 00:14:39,119 And there's some logic that is going to 424 00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:40,919 trigger the spaceship guns under certain 425 00:14:40,920 --> 00:14:43,019 conditions and some 426 00:14:43,020 --> 00:14:44,669 other logic that is going to transmit 427 00:14:44,670 --> 00:14:45,929 some information around. 428 00:14:45,930 --> 00:14:47,879 What you can see is this game of life is 429 00:14:47,880 --> 00:14:49,319 pretty complex. Is Turing complete 430 00:14:49,320 --> 00:14:51,539 mechanical Turing Machine said, 431 00:14:51,540 --> 00:14:53,939 and what somebody has built in years. 432 00:14:53,940 --> 00:14:55,590 I mean, I think you can already see it. 433 00:15:14,340 --> 00:15:16,619 So, of course, this looks very boxy and 434 00:15:16,620 --> 00:15:17,699 somebody has said, let's make it 435 00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:19,949 continues, let's not use square boxes 436 00:15:19,950 --> 00:15:22,079 but round disks and use a circular 437 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:23,339 neighborhood and count the number of 438 00:15:23,340 --> 00:15:25,019 pixels in a circular neighborhood that 439 00:15:25,020 --> 00:15:26,849 are filled. And then we use suitable 440 00:15:26,850 --> 00:15:28,949 interval to decide on life and death. 441 00:15:28,950 --> 00:15:30,539 There are very similar to the ones in 442 00:15:30,540 --> 00:15:32,129 your standard game of life. 443 00:15:32,130 --> 00:15:34,439 And what you get is something that looks 444 00:15:34,440 --> 00:15:35,440 like this. 445 00:15:41,610 --> 00:15:42,599 So it's been the same thing. 446 00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:44,039 It's just a little bit more continuous 447 00:15:44,040 --> 00:15:45,689 and you get letters that can move in all 448 00:15:45,690 --> 00:15:46,690 directions. 449 00:15:57,990 --> 00:15:59,549 No, I'm not. 450 00:15:59,550 --> 00:16:01,109 Of course not suggesting that our 451 00:16:01,110 --> 00:16:02,579 universe looks like this at the base 452 00:16:02,580 --> 00:16:04,249 level, but it's very tempting to think 453 00:16:04,250 --> 00:16:05,759 that this looks something like this and 454 00:16:05,760 --> 00:16:07,469 that particles might be something like 455 00:16:07,470 --> 00:16:09,419 letters that get copied along until they 456 00:16:09,420 --> 00:16:10,420 bump into something else. 457 00:16:12,150 --> 00:16:14,219 Our universe has a peculiar property in 458 00:16:14,220 --> 00:16:16,979 this peculiar property is that B cannot 459 00:16:16,980 --> 00:16:19,109 have nice things like, you know, if you 460 00:16:19,110 --> 00:16:21,239 live in Minecraft, you can build up 461 00:16:21,240 --> 00:16:23,429 a pretty mobily, a computer that doesn't 462 00:16:23,430 --> 00:16:25,409 need an energy source and so on. 463 00:16:25,410 --> 00:16:26,819 And it's because of Minecraft, you have 464 00:16:26,820 --> 00:16:27,820 no entropy. 465 00:16:28,940 --> 00:16:30,289 It would be pretty neat if you live in 466 00:16:30,290 --> 00:16:31,519 Minecraft, because I think we could live 467 00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:32,520 forever. 468 00:16:35,120 --> 00:16:36,919 Why is it that we cannot have nice things 469 00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:37,920 in our universe? 470 00:16:39,890 --> 00:16:41,569 And I think that's because our universe 471 00:16:41,570 --> 00:16:43,669 has the peculiar property that we cannot 472 00:16:43,670 --> 00:16:45,439 lead information in it. 473 00:16:45,440 --> 00:16:47,179 It's an empirical fact that seems to be 474 00:16:47,180 --> 00:16:48,719 awfully hard to delete information. 475 00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:51,259 This is what the laws of conservation 476 00:16:51,260 --> 00:16:52,669 seem to suggest. 477 00:16:52,670 --> 00:16:54,889 And if you have an irreversible 478 00:16:54,890 --> 00:16:57,169 system like this computer here, 479 00:16:57,170 --> 00:16:59,089 this rain up, you are living cell and so 480 00:16:59,090 --> 00:17:01,199 on, it's something that leads 481 00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:03,379 bits and every step irreversible system. 482 00:17:03,380 --> 00:17:04,669 And something can, for instance, perform 483 00:17:04,670 --> 00:17:06,889 an operation where you conflate 484 00:17:06,890 --> 00:17:08,209 two bits and you don't know which was 485 00:17:08,210 --> 00:17:09,749 which after you performed the operation. 486 00:17:09,750 --> 00:17:10,699 Right. 487 00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:13,189 And if you are a living system, you 488 00:17:13,190 --> 00:17:15,269 stabilize yourself against disturbances. 489 00:17:15,270 --> 00:17:17,118 My brain is supposed to work in similar 490 00:17:17,119 --> 00:17:19,519 ways, whether I'm here in Cambridge and 491 00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:20,899 the gravity environment is probably 492 00:17:20,900 --> 00:17:22,608 totally different and there is no 493 00:17:22,609 --> 00:17:24,679 radiation that's different and 494 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:26,279 messing with my brain in different ways. 495 00:17:26,280 --> 00:17:28,129 And still it's going to work in the same 496 00:17:28,130 --> 00:17:29,089 parameters. 497 00:17:29,090 --> 00:17:30,979 And my body temperature is rather 498 00:17:30,980 --> 00:17:32,239 independent from yesterday's body 499 00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:34,219 temperature and so on within certain 500 00:17:34,220 --> 00:17:36,169 boundaries. If I go very far out and I 501 00:17:36,170 --> 00:17:37,519 stay there, you know, but 502 00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:41,209 so I try to dileep it and if I delete 503 00:17:41,210 --> 00:17:42,469 bits, what do I do? 504 00:17:42,470 --> 00:17:44,809 If the underlying substrate is 505 00:17:44,810 --> 00:17:46,879 reversible, I can 506 00:17:46,880 --> 00:17:48,619 make a reversible system on top of an 507 00:17:48,620 --> 00:17:50,459 irreversible one by just ignoring all 508 00:17:50,460 --> 00:17:51,679 operations that were deleted. 509 00:17:51,680 --> 00:17:52,879 That's very easy, right? 510 00:17:52,880 --> 00:17:54,989 But the opposite as heart 511 00:17:54,990 --> 00:17:57,109 is, whenever I want to delete bits, if 512 00:17:57,110 --> 00:17:58,519 I am a reversible substrate, I need to 513 00:17:58,520 --> 00:18:00,589 hide them somewhere, which means I have 514 00:18:00,590 --> 00:18:02,329 garbage bits. Now these garbage bits are 515 00:18:02,330 --> 00:18:04,279 going to accumulate unless I have a very 516 00:18:04,280 --> 00:18:06,169 big place to hide them, which means I 517 00:18:06,170 --> 00:18:07,369 want to be an open system. 518 00:18:07,370 --> 00:18:08,669 There's openness can be temporary. 519 00:18:08,670 --> 00:18:10,729 So if you have an area of deep space 520 00:18:10,730 --> 00:18:12,079 that exists for a while, until the 521 00:18:12,080 --> 00:18:13,369 universe goes, until the big crunch, 522 00:18:13,370 --> 00:18:15,019 maybe that's sufficient. 523 00:18:15,020 --> 00:18:17,209 But without this openness, you cannot 524 00:18:17,210 --> 00:18:18,409 get rid of your garbage bits. 525 00:18:18,410 --> 00:18:20,239 And you also need something to replace 526 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:21,529 the garbage bits that you push out. 527 00:18:21,530 --> 00:18:23,719 So you basically need an entropy gradient 528 00:18:23,720 --> 00:18:25,430 gradient from NEKE entropy to entropy. 529 00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:30,909 And observers to create internal order, 530 00:18:30,910 --> 00:18:32,979 every computer that is forming memories 531 00:18:32,980 --> 00:18:34,209 after observing things that are 532 00:18:34,210 --> 00:18:36,459 independent of the underlying substrate 533 00:18:36,460 --> 00:18:39,399 and so on, you need to be irreversible. 534 00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:41,079 And if you live in an irreversible 535 00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:42,609 universe, you will always have to observe 536 00:18:42,610 --> 00:18:43,539 entropy. 537 00:18:43,540 --> 00:18:45,429 And without any entropy gradient, you 538 00:18:45,430 --> 00:18:46,719 must die. 539 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:48,789 So life is something that is, in this 540 00:18:48,790 --> 00:18:50,529 universe, probably extremely temporary 541 00:18:50,530 --> 00:18:52,689 phenomenon. It only exists at this 542 00:18:52,690 --> 00:18:54,879 temporary bubble of entropy 543 00:18:54,880 --> 00:18:55,959 for a very short time. 544 00:18:57,560 --> 00:18:59,479 OK, Miles, as I have said, our 545 00:18:59,480 --> 00:19:00,559 computational observers, 546 00:19:01,820 --> 00:19:03,799 but shouldn't believe the explanation of 547 00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:06,349 minds to philosophers and psychologists, 548 00:19:06,350 --> 00:19:08,599 I mean, it's their field after all right 549 00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:10,739 now imagine we ask them to explain 550 00:19:10,740 --> 00:19:12,889 flight. How would they go about 551 00:19:12,890 --> 00:19:14,119 this? 552 00:19:14,120 --> 00:19:16,489 I suspect that psychologists would start 553 00:19:16,490 --> 00:19:17,950 looking at the behavior of birds. 554 00:19:19,490 --> 00:19:21,079 I don't know how far they get if they 555 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:22,549 look at the behavior of birds for very 556 00:19:22,550 --> 00:19:24,139 long time to understand flight very 557 00:19:24,140 --> 00:19:26,419 deeply. You know, thinking about thinking 558 00:19:26,420 --> 00:19:28,729 is not really part of psychology. 559 00:19:28,730 --> 00:19:30,019 Psychologists look at behavior. 560 00:19:30,020 --> 00:19:31,459 That's what they do. 561 00:19:31,460 --> 00:19:33,529 If you ask a neurobiologist to 562 00:19:33,530 --> 00:19:34,969 study flight, they will probably look at 563 00:19:34,970 --> 00:19:37,129 birds with microscopes 564 00:19:37,130 --> 00:19:38,869 and they will get extremely pretty 565 00:19:38,870 --> 00:19:39,379 pictures. 566 00:19:39,380 --> 00:19:40,969 And after a while, they will announce 567 00:19:40,970 --> 00:19:43,039 that it's very, very hard to simulate 568 00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:45,049 a cubic millimeter of a bird is going to 569 00:19:45,050 --> 00:19:47,119 be very hard to understand flight. 570 00:19:47,120 --> 00:19:49,219 And if you ask the 571 00:19:49,220 --> 00:19:50,989 philosophers, it depends on whom you ask. 572 00:19:50,990 --> 00:19:52,309 If you ask the analytical philosopher, 573 00:19:52,310 --> 00:19:53,959 they probably say, you know, you can take 574 00:19:53,960 --> 00:19:55,999 the bird apart down to the level of 575 00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:57,529 individual molecules. 576 00:19:57,530 --> 00:19:59,869 And once you do this, what you'll find 577 00:19:59,870 --> 00:20:01,789 is that nothing is flying there. 578 00:20:01,790 --> 00:20:02,790 So. 579 00:20:08,580 --> 00:20:10,379 So flight is obviously already given, 580 00:20:10,380 --> 00:20:12,629 maybe it's a property of the universe 581 00:20:12,630 --> 00:20:14,349 itself that only gets some more channels 582 00:20:14,350 --> 00:20:15,350 to the bird 583 00:20:16,650 --> 00:20:18,279 anyway. It's very hard and confusing. 584 00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:19,889 Couldn't we talk about free flight 585 00:20:19,890 --> 00:20:20,890 instead? 586 00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:25,039 If you ask it phenomenological 587 00:20:25,040 --> 00:20:26,989 philosopher, they will tell you, what is 588 00:20:26,990 --> 00:20:28,099 it like to be a bird? 589 00:20:29,540 --> 00:20:30,540 You'll never know. 590 00:20:32,690 --> 00:20:35,119 If you ask Roger Penrose, 591 00:20:35,120 --> 00:20:37,190 he will say it's quantum mechanics. 592 00:20:38,660 --> 00:20:40,039 These birds have very special 593 00:20:40,040 --> 00:20:42,319 microtubules and they allow them 594 00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:44,299 to use quantum effects for flying. 595 00:20:44,300 --> 00:20:45,300 This is how it works. 596 00:20:54,290 --> 00:20:55,969 So Marvin Minsky said, no, we cannot 597 00:20:55,970 --> 00:20:57,559 leave us with these guys because they 598 00:20:57,560 --> 00:20:59,539 don't know what they're doing anymore, 599 00:20:59,540 --> 00:21:01,619 minds are information processing systems. 600 00:21:01,620 --> 00:21:03,379 So if you want to study minds, we need to 601 00:21:03,380 --> 00:21:04,759 start a new science. And this is what you 602 00:21:04,760 --> 00:21:06,679 did 60 years ago, together with a few 603 00:21:06,680 --> 00:21:08,529 other people. And he said that if my 604 00:21:08,530 --> 00:21:10,129 information processing systems, then we 605 00:21:10,130 --> 00:21:11,569 can teach computers how to think. 606 00:21:11,570 --> 00:21:13,189 And by doing this, we will learn what 607 00:21:13,190 --> 00:21:14,190 thinking is. 608 00:21:16,360 --> 00:21:17,919 He thought that thinking is symbolic, 609 00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:19,869 unfortunately, so it was he settled on 610 00:21:19,870 --> 00:21:21,579 the wrong horse and this created, 611 00:21:21,580 --> 00:21:24,069 unfortunately, this schism and I think 612 00:21:24,070 --> 00:21:25,659 contributed very much to it. 613 00:21:25,660 --> 00:21:28,329 He thought that Bestilo knowledge 614 00:21:28,330 --> 00:21:30,519 like Computerland stuff into a database, 615 00:21:30,520 --> 00:21:32,749 and he proceeded to yell at everybody 616 00:21:32,750 --> 00:21:34,209 who was doing stuff that he considered to 617 00:21:34,210 --> 00:21:36,099 be too simplistic, like neural networks 618 00:21:36,100 --> 00:21:37,449 and robotics and so on. 619 00:21:37,450 --> 00:21:39,609 And if you have people that you get 620 00:21:39,610 --> 00:21:41,349 yelled at because they do something that 621 00:21:41,350 --> 00:21:42,789 works very well for them, they usually 622 00:21:42,790 --> 00:21:43,929 don't join your camp. 623 00:21:43,930 --> 00:21:45,279 Instead, they stop talking to you. 624 00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:47,289 And so these people the other day, people 625 00:21:47,290 --> 00:21:49,779 didn't read very much psychology 626 00:21:49,780 --> 00:21:51,489 and philosophy and build the 627 00:21:51,490 --> 00:21:52,599 applications. 628 00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:54,849 And Minsky's disciple's, mostly 629 00:21:54,850 --> 00:21:55,869 the symbolic A.I. 630 00:21:55,870 --> 00:21:58,179 after reading about reading psychology 631 00:21:58,180 --> 00:22:00,339 and that it was unfortunate. 632 00:22:00,340 --> 00:22:02,079 And it's still haunting us to some degree 633 00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:03,489 right now, even though we're catching up 634 00:22:03,490 --> 00:22:05,919 and the fields are getting unified. 635 00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:07,119 But I don't think that Minsker is really 636 00:22:07,120 --> 00:22:08,919 to blame because the question what is 637 00:22:08,920 --> 00:22:11,079 intelligence in 1950 was very similar 638 00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:12,729 to the question, what is life in 16 639 00:22:12,730 --> 00:22:13,730 fifty? 640 00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:15,729 You know, in 60 and 50 the billion, you 641 00:22:15,730 --> 00:22:17,139 will by extension, you could point at it 642 00:22:17,140 --> 00:22:18,309 and say this is life. 643 00:22:18,310 --> 00:22:20,409 And then people guess, is it some magic 644 00:22:20,410 --> 00:22:22,539 force? Maybe it's something duelist going 645 00:22:22,540 --> 00:22:23,869 on, who knows? 646 00:22:23,870 --> 00:22:26,049 And the idea what we know 647 00:22:26,050 --> 00:22:27,879 now, life oversells could not be 648 00:22:27,880 --> 00:22:29,949 discovered before 1839 649 00:22:29,950 --> 00:22:31,329 when the cell theory came up. 650 00:22:31,330 --> 00:22:33,009 And even after this, it took a very long 651 00:22:33,010 --> 00:22:35,439 time before people realized 652 00:22:35,440 --> 00:22:36,939 they would do psychology. But we actually 653 00:22:36,940 --> 00:22:38,979 does. He studies cells and systems that 654 00:22:38,980 --> 00:22:39,980 are made from cells. 655 00:22:41,110 --> 00:22:42,039 Life is always cells. 656 00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:43,989 These are cells stabilizing and immutable 657 00:22:43,990 --> 00:22:45,339 and molecular machines. 658 00:22:45,340 --> 00:22:47,379 And there is no known precedent for life. 659 00:22:47,380 --> 00:22:48,759 I mean, there must have been at some 660 00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:49,899 point, but there is no left. 661 00:22:49,900 --> 00:22:51,469 And it's easy to understand why. 662 00:22:51,470 --> 00:22:53,229 I mean, if you are still alive, you 663 00:22:53,230 --> 00:22:54,999 better get a membrane first because you 664 00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:57,099 are going to be very unstable. 665 00:22:57,100 --> 00:22:58,100 Right. 666 00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:01,329 And from the perspective of the cell, 667 00:23:01,330 --> 00:23:02,259 there is no organism. 668 00:23:02,260 --> 00:23:03,609 The cell is just drifting through this 669 00:23:03,610 --> 00:23:05,439 darkness and sometimes the few molecules 670 00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:06,849 are drifting over its membrane and it's 671 00:23:06,850 --> 00:23:09,159 going to react to those molecules and 672 00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:10,089 this is it. 673 00:23:10,090 --> 00:23:11,349 And the organism is an emergent 674 00:23:11,350 --> 00:23:13,089 phenomenon of many cells that talk to 675 00:23:13,090 --> 00:23:14,019 each other like this. 676 00:23:14,020 --> 00:23:15,279 But they don't know that there are other 677 00:23:15,280 --> 00:23:16,929 cells out there because they don't have a 678 00:23:16,930 --> 00:23:18,759 brain and they don't have sensors to see 679 00:23:18,760 --> 00:23:19,760 them. 680 00:23:20,770 --> 00:23:23,379 A cell is interesting, the smallest 681 00:23:23,380 --> 00:23:25,299 universal machine that we know that is 682 00:23:25,300 --> 00:23:28,329 capable of extracting entropy 683 00:23:28,330 --> 00:23:30,759 over a wide range of environments. 684 00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:32,559 This is what cells to extract, Nick 685 00:23:32,560 --> 00:23:33,699 entropy. 686 00:23:33,700 --> 00:23:35,859 They harvest some chemical 687 00:23:35,860 --> 00:23:37,869 operations that require fine grained 688 00:23:37,870 --> 00:23:39,219 control. So they have this market 689 00:23:39,220 --> 00:23:41,349 opportunity because they can 690 00:23:41,350 --> 00:23:43,089 do things that other chemical processes 691 00:23:43,090 --> 00:23:44,090 on this planet cannot. 692 00:23:45,880 --> 00:23:47,499 And to do this, they need some pretty 693 00:23:47,500 --> 00:23:49,689 complicated logic, so if you zoom into 694 00:23:49,690 --> 00:23:51,849 a cell, you see this membrane 695 00:23:51,850 --> 00:23:54,009 and inside you have lots and lots 696 00:23:54,010 --> 00:23:56,709 of apparatus that are chemical reactors. 697 00:23:56,710 --> 00:23:58,869 And these chemical reactors produce 698 00:23:58,870 --> 00:24:00,429 all sorts of chemicals that the cells 699 00:24:00,430 --> 00:24:02,229 need for their metabolisms and given 700 00:24:02,230 --> 00:24:04,479 circumstances. And inside of the cell, 701 00:24:04,480 --> 00:24:07,179 you have this interesting 702 00:24:07,180 --> 00:24:09,039 structure which stores the cells, 703 00:24:09,040 --> 00:24:10,599 operating systems. 704 00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:12,909 And to to do this, you need very 705 00:24:12,910 --> 00:24:14,799 complex and pretty poorly understood 706 00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:16,899 machinery. It's so complex that 707 00:24:16,900 --> 00:24:19,209 you cannot build it very close to 708 00:24:19,210 --> 00:24:20,229 where physics is happening. 709 00:24:20,230 --> 00:24:21,819 You have to do it about 25 magnitudes 710 00:24:21,820 --> 00:24:22,820 above the Planck length. 711 00:24:25,060 --> 00:24:26,469 For instance, this is a molecular 712 00:24:26,470 --> 00:24:27,879 machine. 713 00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:29,859 This is a machine that is able to splice 714 00:24:29,860 --> 00:24:32,049 and copy DNA and that is 715 00:24:32,050 --> 00:24:33,700 roughly what it looks like in real time. 716 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:36,459 I think that's pretty amazing. 717 00:24:36,460 --> 00:24:38,229 And we have probably lots and lots of 718 00:24:38,230 --> 00:24:39,430 machines like this in cells. 719 00:24:47,430 --> 00:24:49,079 A big insight for me recently was that 720 00:24:49,080 --> 00:24:50,969 DNA is not a blueprint, it's not the 721 00:24:50,970 --> 00:24:52,019 blueprint for an organism. 722 00:24:52,020 --> 00:24:53,549 At no point in the life of the organism, 723 00:24:53,550 --> 00:24:55,200 there is no cell, there's always a cell. 724 00:24:56,250 --> 00:24:58,349 And the cell is 725 00:24:58,350 --> 00:25:00,329 has this operating system and its 726 00:25:00,330 --> 00:25:01,829 operating system is made of routines. 727 00:25:01,830 --> 00:25:03,149 And these routines are called genes. 728 00:25:03,150 --> 00:25:05,399 A gene is something between 729 00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:07,499 a few hundred bytes and a few 730 00:25:07,500 --> 00:25:09,509 megabytes long. Usually it's in the order 731 00:25:09,510 --> 00:25:11,819 of something like a 100 K or so. 732 00:25:11,820 --> 00:25:13,979 And these proteins can 733 00:25:13,980 --> 00:25:15,419 do only four things. 734 00:25:15,420 --> 00:25:16,959 They can regulate something in the cell. 735 00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:19,109 So it goes back into homeostasis 736 00:25:19,110 --> 00:25:20,879 or they can differentiate the cell so it 737 00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:23,009 becomes two different cell or they can 738 00:25:23,010 --> 00:25:24,749 start the division of the cell, a program 739 00:25:24,750 --> 00:25:26,069 that ends with have it. 740 00:25:26,070 --> 00:25:28,169 You have two cells of that type or it can 741 00:25:28,170 --> 00:25:30,329 kill the cell. This is all you can do. 742 00:25:30,330 --> 00:25:31,979 And from this you get everything else. 743 00:25:31,980 --> 00:25:33,269 There's a little bit mutation and 744 00:25:33,270 --> 00:25:34,879 selection. Everything else emerges. 745 00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:35,880 It's amazing, isn't it? 746 00:25:37,460 --> 00:25:39,619 So organisms are basically colonies 747 00:25:39,620 --> 00:25:41,599 are very closely related single celled 748 00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:43,979 organisms, they get very specialized 749 00:25:43,980 --> 00:25:46,039 and to do this, 750 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:47,989 they have to divide and specialize into 751 00:25:47,990 --> 00:25:49,429 different parts. Is this just the cells 752 00:25:49,430 --> 00:25:51,109 that you have in your blackens part of 753 00:25:51,110 --> 00:25:53,509 them? And every 754 00:25:53,510 --> 00:25:55,219 of these cells runs the same operating 755 00:25:55,220 --> 00:25:56,569 system? In a sense, it cannot really be 756 00:25:56,570 --> 00:25:57,769 true because they do very different 757 00:25:57,770 --> 00:25:58,969 stuff. They need a lot of states. 758 00:25:58,970 --> 00:26:00,439 So it's probably that the genome is like 759 00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:02,119 the room in which you store this 760 00:26:02,120 --> 00:26:03,049 operating system. 761 00:26:03,050 --> 00:26:04,349 There's also a room, which is the 762 00:26:04,350 --> 00:26:06,109 epigenome. It's like the flash drive that 763 00:26:06,110 --> 00:26:08,299 the cell uses to store its state and 764 00:26:08,300 --> 00:26:09,679 it can also be copied along if you 765 00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:11,899 differentiate the cell and. 766 00:26:13,230 --> 00:26:15,629 Over the life of the cell, this 767 00:26:15,630 --> 00:26:17,499 epigenetic storage by reading and writing 768 00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:19,589 gets fragmented and there was a 769 00:26:19,590 --> 00:26:21,929 fascinating paper last month and in cell 770 00:26:21,930 --> 00:26:24,309 and they discovered that there are genes, 771 00:26:24,310 --> 00:26:26,279 Yamanaka factors, which for genes that 772 00:26:26,280 --> 00:26:28,379 you can use to defragment the cell to 773 00:26:28,380 --> 00:26:30,509 get it back to its original state. 774 00:26:30,510 --> 00:26:32,729 So it gets completely rejuvenated. 775 00:26:32,730 --> 00:26:34,799 And why is it that 776 00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:36,339 we don't have this and get Rejuvenator? 777 00:26:36,340 --> 00:26:37,739 Well, there's only one animal that is 778 00:26:37,740 --> 00:26:39,529 able to really use this that we know of. 779 00:26:39,530 --> 00:26:41,279 There's only one animal that we know that 780 00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:43,199 is completely immortal in multicellular. 781 00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:45,569 It's totally topsiders and which 782 00:26:45,570 --> 00:26:47,759 is a small hydra. And it can go back from 783 00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:49,889 the hydros stage to 784 00:26:49,890 --> 00:26:52,289 the jellyfish stage and back and forward. 785 00:26:52,290 --> 00:26:54,389 And when it does this, it can completely 786 00:26:54,390 --> 00:26:56,069 reset itself because it's rebuilding its 787 00:26:56,070 --> 00:26:57,719 organism on a cellular level. 788 00:26:57,720 --> 00:27:00,019 If we as people would do this and 789 00:27:00,020 --> 00:27:01,439 we turn ourselves into an 790 00:27:01,440 --> 00:27:03,419 undifferentiated state, which happens if 791 00:27:03,420 --> 00:27:05,519 you remove the instance of the 792 00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:07,289 operating system on the flash drive, 793 00:27:07,290 --> 00:27:08,339 that's very bad for you. 794 00:27:08,340 --> 00:27:10,409 Right. So this is what happened 795 00:27:10,410 --> 00:27:11,489 to Tatsu and Akira. 796 00:27:11,490 --> 00:27:12,689 And I mean, you became immortal in the 797 00:27:12,690 --> 00:27:14,249 process, but it was not a pretty sight. 798 00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:18,600 So 799 00:27:20,190 --> 00:27:22,439 once you saw the light and together they 800 00:27:22,440 --> 00:27:24,509 specialize and some of these cells, some 801 00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:26,579 fat cells are getting teased and prodded 802 00:27:26,580 --> 00:27:28,439 into doing information processing and 803 00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:29,579 become neurons. 804 00:27:29,580 --> 00:27:31,409 And most of the what they do is 805 00:27:31,410 --> 00:27:32,819 regulating feedback loops for the 806 00:27:32,820 --> 00:27:34,709 organism. So in our brainstem, we have 807 00:27:34,710 --> 00:27:35,939 lots and lots of feedback loops. 808 00:27:35,940 --> 00:27:37,469 And these people are exposed to things 809 00:27:37,470 --> 00:27:39,239 like regulate your body temperature and 810 00:27:39,240 --> 00:27:40,769 heart rate and so on, your breathing 811 00:27:40,770 --> 00:27:41,819 pattern. 812 00:27:41,820 --> 00:27:43,739 And often this is not enough. 813 00:27:43,740 --> 00:27:45,299 So on top of this, you have a limbic 814 00:27:45,300 --> 00:27:47,489 system and this limbic system gives 815 00:27:47,490 --> 00:27:48,869 you pleasure and pain. 816 00:27:53,010 --> 00:27:55,349 Pleasure tells you to do more 817 00:27:55,350 --> 00:27:56,549 of what you're currently doing 818 00:27:57,870 --> 00:27:59,699 paintless. You do less of what you're 819 00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:00,700 currently doing. 820 00:28:02,310 --> 00:28:04,529 We also need some impulses that tell 821 00:28:04,530 --> 00:28:06,569 you to seek out future pleasure and avoid 822 00:28:06,570 --> 00:28:08,129 future pain. 823 00:28:08,130 --> 00:28:10,199 And it's all related to the needs of 824 00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:11,309 the organism. 825 00:28:11,310 --> 00:28:13,379 So we have social needs, things 826 00:28:13,380 --> 00:28:15,539 like affiliation to need 827 00:28:15,540 --> 00:28:17,909 to belong and so on, and legitimacy, 828 00:28:17,910 --> 00:28:19,979 the need to conform to internalized norms 829 00:28:19,980 --> 00:28:22,319 so we can play together in groups 830 00:28:22,320 --> 00:28:24,749 and see meaning and things and so on. 831 00:28:24,750 --> 00:28:26,819 We have things like 832 00:28:26,820 --> 00:28:29,219 dominance, the need to rise 833 00:28:29,220 --> 00:28:31,349 through social hierarchies and so on, 834 00:28:31,350 --> 00:28:33,779 the need for romantic affection we have. 835 00:28:33,780 --> 00:28:35,489 Then of course, the basic physiological 836 00:28:35,490 --> 00:28:37,379 needs, hunger, thirst and so on, pain, 837 00:28:37,380 --> 00:28:38,909 avoidance, libido. 838 00:28:38,910 --> 00:28:41,189 And we have cognitive needs 839 00:28:41,190 --> 00:28:43,079 and need to become more competent to gain 840 00:28:43,080 --> 00:28:44,939 new skills. And they have a need to 841 00:28:44,940 --> 00:28:46,439 explore and we have needs for its 842 00:28:46,440 --> 00:28:47,429 tactics. 843 00:28:47,430 --> 00:28:49,379 And all these need to be regulated in 844 00:28:49,380 --> 00:28:50,279 homeostasis. 845 00:28:50,280 --> 00:28:52,589 This is what makes us human and they 846 00:28:52,590 --> 00:28:54,749 shift us around and this need systems. 847 00:28:54,750 --> 00:28:57,419 So we need to seek out goals to satisfy 848 00:28:57,420 --> 00:28:59,339 these needs or avoid the frustration. 849 00:29:01,170 --> 00:29:03,599 And to do this, we need to associate 850 00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:05,669 the needs with situations in the 851 00:29:05,670 --> 00:29:07,079 world. And this is done in the hippocampus. 852 00:29:07,080 --> 00:29:09,029 A lot of animals have an hippocampus that 853 00:29:09,030 --> 00:29:10,799 basically takes situational patterns and 854 00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:12,209 connects them to learning with these 855 00:29:12,210 --> 00:29:14,069 needs so we can seek them out in the 856 00:29:14,070 --> 00:29:15,029 environment. 857 00:29:15,030 --> 00:29:16,829 And the humans have something very fancy 858 00:29:16,830 --> 00:29:18,599 on top of this. It's the neocortex in the 859 00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:20,729 neocortex can be seen as something like 860 00:29:20,730 --> 00:29:22,409 an extension of the hippocampus. 861 00:29:22,410 --> 00:29:24,599 And the neocortex is generalizing over 862 00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:26,359 these situations. It's just as a pattern 863 00:29:26,360 --> 00:29:28,229 of what all these parents have in common 864 00:29:28,230 --> 00:29:29,879 of a different type. 865 00:29:29,880 --> 00:29:31,679 So how does this work? 866 00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:33,629 And the neocortex is making this model of 867 00:29:33,630 --> 00:29:35,789 the world that we experience. 868 00:29:35,790 --> 00:29:38,039 And as I said, Minsky thought 869 00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:40,109 for most of his life that we can treat it 870 00:29:40,110 --> 00:29:41,579 as something like a database. 871 00:29:41,580 --> 00:29:43,529 And I think a better way of looking at 872 00:29:43,530 --> 00:29:45,599 this is to have something 873 00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:47,039 like a synthesizer. 874 00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:48,569 You know, when you try to understand 875 00:29:48,570 --> 00:29:50,219 sound with the synthesizer, what you can 876 00:29:50,220 --> 00:29:52,319 be doing is you 877 00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:54,239 take in the raw data that comes in from 878 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:55,619 your cochlea, which is like a physical 879 00:29:55,620 --> 00:29:58,199 Fourier transform sent into your cortex. 880 00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:00,509 And it looks something like this 881 00:30:00,510 --> 00:30:02,159 green line here. And then you fiddle on 882 00:30:02,160 --> 00:30:03,599 the knobs and your oscillator. 883 00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:05,999 This oscillator is made off, of course, 884 00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:07,679 and you do this until you are able to 885 00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:08,619 reproduce the pattern. 886 00:30:08,620 --> 00:30:10,169 So once the pattern has started, you know 887 00:30:10,170 --> 00:30:11,969 how it continues and then you can predict 888 00:30:11,970 --> 00:30:13,889 the pattern, you understand it. 889 00:30:13,890 --> 00:30:15,539 And you don't only do this for the sound, 890 00:30:15,540 --> 00:30:17,639 you also do it for vision like colors and 891 00:30:17,640 --> 00:30:19,229 for spatial frequencies and so on. 892 00:30:19,230 --> 00:30:20,279 Of course, there's a slightly different 893 00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:22,289 synthesizer and so on. 894 00:30:22,290 --> 00:30:24,539 And once you've done this, you can build 895 00:30:24,540 --> 00:30:26,369 a synthesizer on top of the synthesizers 896 00:30:26,370 --> 00:30:27,569 and the synthesizer on top of that 897 00:30:27,570 --> 00:30:29,249 synthesizer is going to look for patterns 898 00:30:29,250 --> 00:30:30,509 in the patterns. 899 00:30:30,510 --> 00:30:32,339 So you get simple percepts and you'll get 900 00:30:32,340 --> 00:30:33,340 phonemes and so on. 901 00:30:34,960 --> 00:30:36,099 And it hasn't stopped there. 902 00:30:36,100 --> 00:30:37,809 Then you can combine it all into a 903 00:30:37,810 --> 00:30:39,309 complete mental simulation, 904 00:30:40,390 --> 00:30:42,909 is that plays out in your mind 905 00:30:42,910 --> 00:30:44,529 and you don't need to stop at this mental 906 00:30:44,530 --> 00:30:46,749 simulation. You can also take 907 00:30:46,750 --> 00:30:48,249 many simulations and generalize over 908 00:30:48,250 --> 00:30:49,599 those and find the patterns in them. 909 00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:51,669 And then you get concepts and then 910 00:30:51,670 --> 00:30:53,349 you can use these concepts for reasoning 911 00:30:53,350 --> 00:30:54,939 and you can transform them into language 912 00:30:54,940 --> 00:30:57,189 and talk to other people about them. 913 00:30:57,190 --> 00:30:59,289 But what you do at each stage is the same 914 00:30:59,290 --> 00:31:00,309 thing. You would basically look for 915 00:31:00,310 --> 00:31:01,349 patterns and the patterns. 916 00:31:02,620 --> 00:31:04,119 There are two types of learning. 917 00:31:04,120 --> 00:31:05,259 There's a low level functional 918 00:31:05,260 --> 00:31:07,449 approximation that is basically based 919 00:31:07,450 --> 00:31:08,699 on learning. 920 00:31:08,700 --> 00:31:10,659 You can do as many paradigms, but it 921 00:31:10,660 --> 00:31:12,039 comes down to pretty much the same 922 00:31:12,040 --> 00:31:14,349 statistics. In the end, it's releasable 923 00:31:14,350 --> 00:31:16,449 and it models the complete space. 924 00:31:16,450 --> 00:31:18,369 Like when you look at the world as a baby 925 00:31:18,370 --> 00:31:20,049 for a few months, you have learned the 926 00:31:20,050 --> 00:31:21,549 laws of perspective and lighting, and 927 00:31:21,550 --> 00:31:23,739 they don't change very much during life. 928 00:31:23,740 --> 00:31:25,239 So, you know, when an object moves and 929 00:31:25,240 --> 00:31:27,069 distance becomes smaller, it's actually 930 00:31:27,070 --> 00:31:28,450 an object of invariance size. 931 00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:31,419 You learn all these things, you learn all 932 00:31:31,420 --> 00:31:32,499 these functions. 933 00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:34,569 But when we play the world up there, 934 00:31:34,570 --> 00:31:36,639 the conceptual world for ideas 935 00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:39,069 exists and people exist and politics 936 00:31:39,070 --> 00:31:40,269 exist and so on. 937 00:31:40,270 --> 00:31:42,339 We cannot model the complete space 938 00:31:42,340 --> 00:31:43,939 because we don't get enough sampling data 939 00:31:43,940 --> 00:31:45,609 and the dimensionality of the space is 940 00:31:45,610 --> 00:31:47,799 too high. So instead, what people do 941 00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:49,929 is they use as far as MDP Markov 942 00:31:49,930 --> 00:31:50,930 decision model 943 00:31:52,810 --> 00:31:54,309 also called a story. 944 00:31:54,310 --> 00:31:56,559 And it's basically depletable, 945 00:31:56,560 --> 00:31:57,519 like the stock market. 946 00:31:57,520 --> 00:31:59,239 We don't model the complete stock market. 947 00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:00,189 There's all the probabilities. 948 00:32:00,190 --> 00:32:02,619 We pick a single stock or a couple stocks 949 00:32:02,620 --> 00:32:04,359 and then we try to see if they work. 950 00:32:04,360 --> 00:32:06,099 These are the stories that people, even 951 00:32:06,100 --> 00:32:07,479 if they totally don't work, we pick 952 00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:08,480 different stocks. 953 00:32:11,740 --> 00:32:13,389 And from these all these things we built, 954 00:32:13,390 --> 00:32:15,369 this mental simulation that plays out, 955 00:32:15,370 --> 00:32:17,259 this is what we perceive of the world, 956 00:32:17,260 --> 00:32:18,969 this mental simulation is the world that 957 00:32:18,970 --> 00:32:20,679 we believe to be in. 958 00:32:20,680 --> 00:32:22,029 And it's nothing like the world out 959 00:32:22,030 --> 00:32:22,929 there. 960 00:32:22,930 --> 00:32:24,339 The world or there is some kind of 961 00:32:24,340 --> 00:32:25,389 computational shithole. 962 00:32:25,390 --> 00:32:26,949 You don't you cannot live in there 963 00:32:26,950 --> 00:32:28,749 because it's just some weird quantum 964 00:32:28,750 --> 00:32:30,459 processes going on that are entangled 965 00:32:30,460 --> 00:32:32,229 with your retina and your other senses 966 00:32:32,230 --> 00:32:34,299 and your neural networks are 967 00:32:34,300 --> 00:32:35,899 going to try to predict the patterns to 968 00:32:35,900 --> 00:32:37,329 come into the senses. 969 00:32:37,330 --> 00:32:38,739 And to do this, they create all this 970 00:32:38,740 --> 00:32:40,249 elaborate structure which you perceive. 971 00:32:40,250 --> 00:32:41,439 So out there in the world, there is no 972 00:32:41,440 --> 00:32:43,329 color, no sound, no people. 973 00:32:43,330 --> 00:32:45,189 There is structure and the structure is 974 00:32:45,190 --> 00:32:46,359 regularity in them. 975 00:32:46,360 --> 00:32:47,979 And the regularity that you find is 976 00:32:47,980 --> 00:32:48,999 projected in your mind. 977 00:32:52,190 --> 00:32:54,559 And people find similar regularity, so 978 00:32:54,560 --> 00:32:56,719 it seems to be not new, but 979 00:32:56,720 --> 00:32:58,189 it's probably not what's out there, it's 980 00:32:58,190 --> 00:32:59,449 the function of relationships that you'll 981 00:32:59,450 --> 00:33:02,089 find. It's functional abstractions. 982 00:33:02,090 --> 00:33:04,159 So our neocortex is an organ that is 983 00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:05,779 able to simulate a dynamic world that's 984 00:33:05,780 --> 00:33:07,579 literally very much like a dream. 985 00:33:07,580 --> 00:33:09,679 It loses the same circuitry as your night 986 00:33:09,680 --> 00:33:11,899 time dreaming. Only daytime dreams 987 00:33:11,900 --> 00:33:13,459 are connected to your sensory input and 988 00:33:13,460 --> 00:33:14,460 constrained by it. 989 00:33:16,380 --> 00:33:18,389 And to do this, you have small circuits, 990 00:33:18,390 --> 00:33:20,039 the cortical columns made of a few 991 00:33:20,040 --> 00:33:21,509 hundred neurons, you have a 100 million 992 00:33:21,510 --> 00:33:23,429 of them, and I think that they are 993 00:33:23,430 --> 00:33:24,989 probably something like a state machine. 994 00:33:24,990 --> 00:33:26,319 And the state machine takes care of 995 00:33:26,320 --> 00:33:27,959 neural binding. And each of them is a 996 00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:29,489 small function, approximate or embedded 997 00:33:29,490 --> 00:33:30,509 in the state machine. 998 00:33:30,510 --> 00:33:32,489 They can talk to their neighbors and form 999 00:33:32,490 --> 00:33:35,339 larger computational units and 1000 00:33:35,340 --> 00:33:36,699 for instance, has a certain size. 1001 00:33:36,700 --> 00:33:38,939 It's a brain area and the brain 1002 00:33:38,940 --> 00:33:40,229 areas talk to each other and form 1003 00:33:40,230 --> 00:33:41,159 processing streams. 1004 00:33:41,160 --> 00:33:43,109 And together they play the music of your 1005 00:33:43,110 --> 00:33:44,549 mind. It's like an orchestra. 1006 00:33:44,550 --> 00:33:46,259 Each brain area has something like 50. 1007 00:33:46,260 --> 00:33:48,419 Brain areas is like an instrument, 1008 00:33:48,420 --> 00:33:50,249 each of them playing a specialized part 1009 00:33:50,250 --> 00:33:51,879 of the music of your mind. 1010 00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:53,519 And they listen to the instruments around 1011 00:33:53,520 --> 00:33:56,079 them and thereby form streams. 1012 00:33:56,080 --> 00:33:57,420 The language, the music propagates. 1013 00:34:02,350 --> 00:34:04,809 So from the outside, these musicians 1014 00:34:04,810 --> 00:34:06,609 taking sensory patterns and playing motor 1015 00:34:06,610 --> 00:34:08,738 patterns and so on and back in there 1016 00:34:08,739 --> 00:34:10,658 you get more and more integration 1017 00:34:10,659 --> 00:34:12,999 abstraction and you'll 1018 00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:14,979 find similar structure to this model in 1019 00:34:14,980 --> 00:34:17,049 the brain. And this orchestra has 1020 00:34:17,050 --> 00:34:18,789 a conductor. This conductor is not some 1021 00:34:18,790 --> 00:34:20,198 kind of magical homunculus. 1022 00:34:20,199 --> 00:34:22,729 It's a brain area like the others. 1023 00:34:22,730 --> 00:34:25,149 And what it does, it's 1024 00:34:25,150 --> 00:34:26,709 deciding what's been played tonight. 1025 00:34:26,710 --> 00:34:28,359 The orchestra can play very well on its 1026 00:34:28,360 --> 00:34:30,039 own, but if you turn off the conductor, 1027 00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:31,269 you become a sleepwalker. 1028 00:34:31,270 --> 00:34:33,099 You can still get up at night and 1029 00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:35,079 randomly make dinner or talk to somebody. 1030 00:34:35,080 --> 00:34:36,249 But there's nobody home in you. 1031 00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:39,549 And this conductor is doing 1032 00:34:39,550 --> 00:34:41,169 executive function, is resolving 1033 00:34:41,170 --> 00:34:42,249 conflicts between the different 1034 00:34:42,250 --> 00:34:44,198 instruments and tells them to tune up or 1035 00:34:44,199 --> 00:34:47,079 tune down and so on and 1036 00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:49,238 change resource allocation and 1037 00:34:49,239 --> 00:34:51,009 to do all these things. It maintains a 1038 00:34:51,010 --> 00:34:53,589 protocol of what it is at all. 1039 00:34:53,590 --> 00:34:55,329 And this protocol is basically a story 1040 00:34:55,330 --> 00:34:56,678 that the system tells itself about 1041 00:34:56,679 --> 00:34:58,779 itself. The conductor cannot listen to 1042 00:34:58,780 --> 00:35:00,639 the whole orchestra. It only listens to 1043 00:35:00,640 --> 00:35:03,169 one or a couple instruments at a time. 1044 00:35:03,170 --> 00:35:04,989 There's a low resolution, but this is 1045 00:35:04,990 --> 00:35:06,369 what it puts into the protocol. 1046 00:35:06,370 --> 00:35:08,679 And this protocol is the only part 1047 00:35:08,680 --> 00:35:11,109 where our experience gets integrated. 1048 00:35:11,110 --> 00:35:12,759 So there's lots and lots of experience 1049 00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:14,379 happening in the brain, but these parts 1050 00:35:14,380 --> 00:35:15,859 of the brain don't know about each other. 1051 00:35:15,860 --> 00:35:17,109 The only in this protocol, they get 1052 00:35:17,110 --> 00:35:18,069 together. 1053 00:35:18,070 --> 00:35:20,079 And when you access this protocol, you'll 1054 00:35:20,080 --> 00:35:21,729 remember what happened there in these 1055 00:35:21,730 --> 00:35:23,559 situations, replay these situations in 1056 00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:24,489 your brain. 1057 00:35:24,490 --> 00:35:26,499 And at some point you also be able to 1058 00:35:26,500 --> 00:35:28,599 replay the fact that you accessed 1059 00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:29,919 your protocol. So you put into your 1060 00:35:29,920 --> 00:35:31,389 protocol the fact that you accessed your 1061 00:35:31,390 --> 00:35:33,219 protocol. You have this voice in your 1062 00:35:33,220 --> 00:35:34,509 head and you start listening to that 1063 00:35:34,510 --> 00:35:35,919 voice and understanding what this voice 1064 00:35:35,920 --> 00:35:38,259 says. So now your system 1065 00:35:38,260 --> 00:35:40,539 is able to remember 1066 00:35:40,540 --> 00:35:42,819 that it attended to itself a moment ago 1067 00:35:42,820 --> 00:35:44,499 that perceived itself as being conscious 1068 00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:45,729 a moment ago. 1069 00:35:45,730 --> 00:35:47,649 And I think this is necessary and 1070 00:35:47,650 --> 00:35:49,299 sufficient for consciousness. 1071 00:35:49,300 --> 00:35:50,619 So they are probably not actually 1072 00:35:50,620 --> 00:35:52,179 conscious in this very moment. 1073 00:35:52,180 --> 00:35:53,949 But we do have is a memory of having been 1074 00:35:53,950 --> 00:35:55,299 conscious of something a moment ago. 1075 00:35:57,630 --> 00:35:58,949 Come to think of it, it's much easier to 1076 00:35:58,950 --> 00:36:00,480 build, right? It's not very magical. 1077 00:36:05,130 --> 00:36:07,129 So what's it with reality, 1078 00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:11,789 you know, imagination and our world 1079 00:36:11,790 --> 00:36:13,829 modeling and so on, use the same circuits 1080 00:36:13,830 --> 00:36:14,819 and you imagine something. 1081 00:36:14,820 --> 00:36:16,529 You use generative models of your brain 1082 00:36:16,530 --> 00:36:18,869 that normally are used for perception and 1083 00:36:18,870 --> 00:36:20,519 to make sure that you don't mistake your 1084 00:36:20,520 --> 00:36:22,919 imaginations for perceptual 1085 00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:24,479 stuff, the brain is going to take the 1086 00:36:24,480 --> 00:36:25,769 imagination as imaginary. 1087 00:36:25,770 --> 00:36:28,229 And the real stuff is real, 1088 00:36:28,230 --> 00:36:30,329 right? It's a tech that is put on a part 1089 00:36:30,330 --> 00:36:31,739 of the representation of the look real to 1090 00:36:31,740 --> 00:36:33,959 you. If this doesn't work, you get 1091 00:36:33,960 --> 00:36:35,510 hallucinations, which is kind of awkward. 1092 00:36:37,980 --> 00:36:39,569 The brain can also take conceptual 1093 00:36:39,570 --> 00:36:41,129 structures as real. For instance, I 1094 00:36:41,130 --> 00:36:42,959 somehow believe that the financial system 1095 00:36:42,960 --> 00:36:44,489 is real, even though I never perceived 1096 00:36:44,490 --> 00:36:46,349 it. And my understanding is probably all 1097 00:36:46,350 --> 00:36:47,350 wrong. 1098 00:36:49,670 --> 00:36:51,469 Mathematics is very special because 1099 00:36:51,470 --> 00:36:53,209 mathematics is just the domain of all 1100 00:36:53,210 --> 00:36:54,859 formal languages, is a game played with 1101 00:36:54,860 --> 00:36:57,199 symbols, and 1102 00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:59,119 it has the same reality, I think, as a 1103 00:36:59,120 --> 00:37:00,979 novel that is not read. 1104 00:37:00,980 --> 00:37:03,199 So if you have a role, there's not just 1105 00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:04,969 a bunch of characters of symbols, right. 1106 00:37:04,970 --> 00:37:06,649 When you open it, you hallucinate some 1107 00:37:06,650 --> 00:37:08,479 story in your mind. 1108 00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:10,099 And but, you know, the story is not real 1109 00:37:10,100 --> 00:37:11,369 because somebody has written it, the 1110 00:37:11,370 --> 00:37:12,889 symbols into the book. That's it. 1111 00:37:12,890 --> 00:37:14,059 And the fascinating thing about 1112 00:37:14,060 --> 00:37:15,709 mathematics is that you don't need to 1113 00:37:15,710 --> 00:37:17,239 write it into the book. It writes itself. 1114 00:37:17,240 --> 00:37:18,769 You just need to pick a few suitable 1115 00:37:18,770 --> 00:37:20,299 axioms. And everything else follows from 1116 00:37:20,300 --> 00:37:22,159 these axioms because mathematics is 1117 00:37:22,160 --> 00:37:24,199 largely discovered, it feels real to the 1118 00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:26,239 brain. And this notion that the 1119 00:37:26,240 --> 00:37:28,609 metaphysics of mathematics is real 1120 00:37:28,610 --> 00:37:29,569 is called Platonism. 1121 00:37:29,570 --> 00:37:31,279 I think it's an illusion. 1122 00:37:31,280 --> 00:37:33,529 Reality is, in fact 1123 00:37:33,530 --> 00:37:34,530 a brain state. 1124 00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:39,659 So this leaves us with some 1125 00:37:39,660 --> 00:37:42,659 sort of final embarrassment, 1126 00:37:42,660 --> 00:37:44,099 and this is. 1127 00:37:49,420 --> 00:37:51,579 You know, the 1128 00:37:51,580 --> 00:37:53,169 Commodore 64. 1129 00:37:53,170 --> 00:37:54,849 Where does it come from? 1130 00:37:54,850 --> 00:37:56,499 We can understand how we work, we are 1131 00:37:56,500 --> 00:37:57,789 computational, we understand the 1132 00:37:57,790 --> 00:37:58,959 universe, how it works, its 1133 00:37:58,960 --> 00:38:00,789 computational, and they don't see a limit 1134 00:38:00,790 --> 00:38:02,019 to this perspective. 1135 00:38:02,020 --> 00:38:04,269 All these big questions that I ask myself 1136 00:38:04,270 --> 00:38:06,309 and I started my journey, something like. 1137 00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:10,299 Maybe 35 years ago, when I was in 1138 00:38:10,300 --> 00:38:11,800 front of this Commodore 64, 1139 00:38:13,060 --> 00:38:14,529 how is it possible that a system kind of 1140 00:38:14,530 --> 00:38:16,329 emotions, how can it have goals and 1141 00:38:16,330 --> 00:38:17,349 motivation? 1142 00:38:17,350 --> 00:38:19,329 How is it possible that we can be 1143 00:38:19,330 --> 00:38:20,259 conscious? 1144 00:38:20,260 --> 00:38:22,329 How is it possible that stuff is moving? 1145 00:38:22,330 --> 00:38:23,949 How is it possible that stuff looks real 1146 00:38:23,950 --> 00:38:25,149 to us and so on? 1147 00:38:25,150 --> 00:38:26,679 All these questions kind of disappear 1148 00:38:26,680 --> 00:38:28,449 when you think about them hard enough. 1149 00:38:28,450 --> 00:38:29,979 But one question remains, and this is 1150 00:38:29,980 --> 00:38:32,020 what put the Commodore 64 into the void. 1151 00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:34,749 It's still pretty costly if you think 1152 00:38:34,750 --> 00:38:36,369 about it. Right. Something must be taking 1153 00:38:36,370 --> 00:38:37,479 away. They're at the heart of the 1154 00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:39,609 universe and they have no idea what it 1155 00:38:39,610 --> 00:38:40,899 is. And you cannot know it because we 1156 00:38:40,900 --> 00:38:42,579 cannot see it from the outside. 1157 00:38:42,580 --> 00:38:44,109 But it's the cheapest thing I found to 1158 00:38:44,110 --> 00:38:46,179 put there. Everything else that you can 1159 00:38:46,180 --> 00:38:48,189 put there, I think is more expensive than 1160 00:38:48,190 --> 00:38:50,439 the Commodore 64, which is a very, very 1161 00:38:50,440 --> 00:38:51,440 large memory. 1162 00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:56,129 So we touched a number of topics today. 1163 00:38:56,130 --> 00:38:58,379 We talked about computational universes, 1164 00:38:58,380 --> 00:39:00,569 we talked about digital physics, and 1165 00:39:00,570 --> 00:39:02,939 we talked about life as the extraction 1166 00:39:02,940 --> 00:39:03,940 of entropy. 1167 00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:07,069 We talked about the bill that is a dream 1168 00:39:07,070 --> 00:39:09,529 produced by our perception. 1169 00:39:09,530 --> 00:39:12,439 We talked about the model of 1170 00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:14,539 cognition as a synthesizer instead 1171 00:39:14,540 --> 00:39:16,669 of symbolic system, and we 1172 00:39:16,670 --> 00:39:18,169 talked about the conductor theory of 1173 00:39:18,170 --> 00:39:20,329 consciousness and about 1174 00:39:20,330 --> 00:39:21,650 the reason for entropy 1175 00:39:22,670 --> 00:39:24,830 and that we will all die. 1176 00:39:29,510 --> 00:39:31,639 That's quite a bunch of stuff for an 1177 00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:33,739 hour, if you have a lot of it, but 1178 00:39:33,740 --> 00:39:34,729 you have a little bit of time left 1179 00:39:34,730 --> 00:39:36,639 because I've been talking extremely fast. 1180 00:39:38,720 --> 00:39:40,819 There's one thing that has 1181 00:39:40,820 --> 00:39:42,529 has been puzzling me for a long time, and 1182 00:39:42,530 --> 00:39:44,209 this is the thing that has bee left. 1183 00:39:44,210 --> 00:39:46,099 You know, then racialism came along 1184 00:39:47,240 --> 00:39:48,800 in the 17th century. 1185 00:39:51,690 --> 00:39:53,969 People felt a revulsion to it because 1186 00:39:53,970 --> 00:39:55,889 in a restless universe, there is no room 1187 00:39:55,890 --> 00:39:57,689 for love and meaning but free to come 1188 00:39:57,690 --> 00:39:59,879 from, I mean, 1189 00:39:59,880 --> 00:40:01,589 some perspective in this fashion as well. 1190 00:40:01,590 --> 00:40:03,809 We are just moving bits of rocks or 1191 00:40:03,810 --> 00:40:05,789 computational machines or whatever. 1192 00:40:05,790 --> 00:40:07,289 How is it possible that anything is 1193 00:40:07,290 --> 00:40:08,879 meaningful? How is it possible that there 1194 00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:09,839 is a purpose? 1195 00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:11,649 How is there space for the sacred? 1196 00:40:11,650 --> 00:40:13,619 And as a result, we got romanticism and 1197 00:40:13,620 --> 00:40:15,929 romanticism is basically the fight 1198 00:40:15,930 --> 00:40:18,509 against rationalism for love 1199 00:40:18,510 --> 00:40:20,189 you. Don't you want to keep this thing in 1200 00:40:20,190 --> 00:40:21,659 the universe the sense of meaning, of 1201 00:40:21,660 --> 00:40:23,879 connection to something that is beyond 1202 00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:25,079 what is it? 1203 00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:26,699 How can we feel this? 1204 00:40:26,700 --> 00:40:27,689 There is something going on there. 1205 00:40:27,690 --> 00:40:28,829 Right. 1206 00:40:28,830 --> 00:40:30,899 And I think it has an 1207 00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:32,129 easy explanation. 1208 00:40:32,130 --> 00:40:34,259 And this explanation is part of 1209 00:40:34,260 --> 00:40:36,779 evolution. You know, we are 1210 00:40:36,780 --> 00:40:39,569 subject to multilevel selection 1211 00:40:39,570 --> 00:40:41,069 inside of our organism. 1212 00:40:41,070 --> 00:40:42,389 There is going to be a competition 1213 00:40:42,390 --> 00:40:44,429 between individual cells and they form 1214 00:40:44,430 --> 00:40:45,299 together a group. 1215 00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:46,679 And this group is the organism. 1216 00:40:46,680 --> 00:40:48,809 And this organism is competing with 1217 00:40:48,810 --> 00:40:50,219 other organisms. 1218 00:40:50,220 --> 00:40:51,989 And these organisms in turn are forming 1219 00:40:51,990 --> 00:40:53,549 groups, small populations, and they're 1220 00:40:53,550 --> 00:40:55,229 competing with other populations. 1221 00:40:55,230 --> 00:40:57,029 So we have levels and levels and levels 1222 00:40:57,030 --> 00:40:58,780 of competition going on and 1223 00:41:00,240 --> 00:41:01,659 mutation and selection. 1224 00:41:01,660 --> 00:41:02,609 Right. 1225 00:41:02,610 --> 00:41:03,929 But the interesting thing is that at 1226 00:41:03,930 --> 00:41:06,269 these levels, they are opposing forces. 1227 00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:09,329 If you have these cells and the organism 1228 00:41:09,330 --> 00:41:11,399 or the people in the group, if one 1229 00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:13,189 of these cells is not an altruist, but a 1230 00:41:13,190 --> 00:41:15,599 super egotistical and just cheats 1231 00:41:15,600 --> 00:41:17,849 and basically is not an angel that uses 1232 00:41:17,850 --> 00:41:20,009 all the resources that the angels give us 1233 00:41:20,010 --> 00:41:22,259 and just free riders, 1234 00:41:22,260 --> 00:41:23,579 then they are going to have a better 1235 00:41:23,580 --> 00:41:25,649 time. They have time for getting laid to 1236 00:41:25,650 --> 00:41:27,749 reproduce and so on while the angels do 1237 00:41:27,750 --> 00:41:29,369 all the hard work right. 1238 00:41:30,480 --> 00:41:32,819 So from an evolutionary 1239 00:41:32,820 --> 00:41:35,069 perspective, the angels 1240 00:41:35,070 --> 00:41:37,139 are not in a good situation. 1241 00:41:37,140 --> 00:41:38,849 But if you have a group that has a lot of 1242 00:41:38,850 --> 00:41:40,560 angels, a lot of altruists, and 1243 00:41:41,790 --> 00:41:43,319 it's in competition with a group of lot 1244 00:41:43,320 --> 00:41:45,269 of egotistical individuals, guess who's 1245 00:41:45,270 --> 00:41:47,489 going to win? The group is altruists. 1246 00:41:47,490 --> 00:41:49,649 So evolution needs to find a solution to 1247 00:41:49,650 --> 00:41:51,359 make sure that your group is largely 1248 00:41:51,360 --> 00:41:52,380 comprised of angels 1249 00:41:53,520 --> 00:41:54,809 and inside of the organism. 1250 00:41:54,810 --> 00:41:57,269 It does this for making sure that nobody 1251 00:41:57,270 --> 00:41:59,909 gets to procreate except 1252 00:41:59,910 --> 00:42:01,169 the organism itself. 1253 00:42:01,170 --> 00:42:03,479 So they have some dedicated cells of 1254 00:42:03,480 --> 00:42:05,309 our gonads that can reproduce. 1255 00:42:05,310 --> 00:42:07,439 But our skin cell has no chance of ever 1256 00:42:07,440 --> 00:42:09,659 reproducing. So our skin cell 1257 00:42:09,660 --> 00:42:10,619 has no skin in the game. 1258 00:42:10,620 --> 00:42:11,789 The only thing they can do is to be 1259 00:42:11,790 --> 00:42:13,709 altruistic because it's outperforming the 1260 00:42:13,710 --> 00:42:15,299 other cells for its own benefit. 1261 00:42:15,300 --> 00:42:16,599 Nothing good is going to happen to the to 1262 00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:19,139 cancer. Everybody is just going to die. 1263 00:42:19,140 --> 00:42:20,039 Right? 1264 00:42:20,040 --> 00:42:22,349 So this is how organisms 1265 00:42:22,350 --> 00:42:24,209 do it and this is how state building 1266 00:42:24,210 --> 00:42:26,699 insects do it. So only the queen can give 1267 00:42:26,700 --> 00:42:27,749 rise to offspring. 1268 00:42:27,750 --> 00:42:30,239 The individual worker ants cannot do it. 1269 00:42:30,240 --> 00:42:32,279 And this doesn't work for humans because 1270 00:42:32,280 --> 00:42:34,469 it's so much work to give 1271 00:42:34,470 --> 00:42:36,509 birth to somebody that a single queen 1272 00:42:36,510 --> 00:42:38,129 cannot do it for the humans. 1273 00:42:38,130 --> 00:42:39,929 So we need to find something else. 1274 00:42:39,930 --> 00:42:41,399 And what we do have is something, a 1275 00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:42,899 system that works with punishment and 1276 00:42:42,900 --> 00:42:45,059 reputation. So if somebody is just 1277 00:42:45,060 --> 00:42:47,219 a free rider and a cheater, we have a 1278 00:42:47,220 --> 00:42:48,689 petition system, we talk about them, we 1279 00:42:48,690 --> 00:42:50,669 punish them. You might even ostracize 1280 00:42:50,670 --> 00:42:51,989 them or kill them. 1281 00:42:51,990 --> 00:42:54,179 Right. And this 1282 00:42:54,180 --> 00:42:55,809 punishment system works pretty well. 1283 00:42:55,810 --> 00:42:57,629 The drawback is that it doesn't scale 1284 00:42:57,630 --> 00:42:59,189 very well after a couple hundred 1285 00:42:59,190 --> 00:43:01,289 individuals. It's over because we cannot 1286 00:43:01,290 --> 00:43:03,569 keep track of everybody's reputation. 1287 00:43:03,570 --> 00:43:05,279 So what you want you have want to have is 1288 00:43:05,280 --> 00:43:07,709 an internalized reputation system. 1289 00:43:07,710 --> 00:43:09,899 And this in turn, the reputation system 1290 00:43:09,900 --> 00:43:12,059 basically uses some of the drives 1291 00:43:12,060 --> 00:43:12,989 on the social needs. 1292 00:43:12,990 --> 00:43:14,969 It uses the need to conform to 1293 00:43:14,970 --> 00:43:15,989 internalized norms. 1294 00:43:17,420 --> 00:43:19,159 And this need to conform, to internalize 1295 00:43:19,160 --> 00:43:20,209 norms means that 1296 00:43:21,950 --> 00:43:23,869 you'd pick up a few rules in your moment 1297 00:43:23,870 --> 00:43:25,609 when you are young and you want to be 1298 00:43:25,610 --> 00:43:27,769 good, but being good, it means you 1299 00:43:27,770 --> 00:43:28,789 just follow these things. 1300 00:43:28,790 --> 00:43:31,009 Even when nobody is looking, you're 1301 00:43:31,010 --> 00:43:33,109 not going to eat from the 1302 00:43:33,110 --> 00:43:36,319 fridge of your flatmate, 1303 00:43:36,320 --> 00:43:37,429 even if nobody is looking. 1304 00:43:37,430 --> 00:43:38,689 If you are a good person, it's not 1305 00:43:38,690 --> 00:43:40,429 virtuous. It has not you have no honor. 1306 00:43:40,430 --> 00:43:42,949 If you do this right, it 1307 00:43:42,950 --> 00:43:44,179 may be not rational if you cannot be 1308 00:43:44,180 --> 00:43:46,309 caught, but you don't do this, 1309 00:43:46,310 --> 00:43:47,929 especially the group mind reaching down 1310 00:43:47,930 --> 00:43:48,980 into the individual mind. 1311 00:43:51,250 --> 00:43:53,379 And it's also there are some 1312 00:43:53,380 --> 00:43:54,819 other drives that happen this hour need 1313 00:43:54,820 --> 00:43:56,289 to belong and our need for status that 1314 00:43:56,290 --> 00:43:58,059 are important for the reputation system, 1315 00:43:58,060 --> 00:43:59,859 but this need to conform, to internalize 1316 00:43:59,860 --> 00:44:02,439 norms that need to be good is important. 1317 00:44:02,440 --> 00:44:03,799 Now, the problem is, Norm, is that they 1318 00:44:03,800 --> 00:44:05,109 are somewhat arbitrary in different 1319 00:44:05,110 --> 00:44:06,429 societies, have different norms. 1320 00:44:06,430 --> 00:44:08,859 So norms are largely cultural, obviously, 1321 00:44:08,860 --> 00:44:11,109 and goodness is an arbitrary 1322 00:44:11,110 --> 00:44:12,909 vector and value space. 1323 00:44:12,910 --> 00:44:14,679 And this vector gets synchronized between 1324 00:44:14,680 --> 00:44:16,899 people through empathy largely. 1325 00:44:16,900 --> 00:44:18,549 So you're in a group, something feels 1326 00:44:18,550 --> 00:44:20,709 right and people 1327 00:44:20,710 --> 00:44:22,659 pick up this feeling of, oh, this feels 1328 00:44:22,660 --> 00:44:23,589 right, this is good. 1329 00:44:23,590 --> 00:44:24,989 This is what we need to do. 1330 00:44:26,020 --> 00:44:27,759 And it gets multiplied with the social 1331 00:44:27,760 --> 00:44:29,439 status. So if you dress up somebody as an 1332 00:44:29,440 --> 00:44:31,749 authority, as a priest or a politician 1333 00:44:31,750 --> 00:44:33,969 or is an eminent speaker or 1334 00:44:33,970 --> 00:44:36,249 as a professor, then you're 1335 00:44:36,250 --> 00:44:37,389 not somebody like me. 1336 00:44:37,390 --> 00:44:39,909 You will feel that 1337 00:44:39,910 --> 00:44:41,739 what they say is right, that there is 1338 00:44:41,740 --> 00:44:44,649 this normative and you have a compulsion 1339 00:44:44,650 --> 00:44:45,819 to conform to this. 1340 00:44:45,820 --> 00:44:48,789 And if you feel differently 1341 00:44:48,790 --> 00:44:50,859 for logical reasons, then you will have 1342 00:44:50,860 --> 00:44:52,629 to bear some considerable cognitive 1343 00:44:52,630 --> 00:44:55,029 dissonance. But people tend to pick 1344 00:44:55,030 --> 00:44:56,140 up these norms easily. 1345 00:44:57,190 --> 00:44:59,049 And this means that people are 1346 00:44:59,050 --> 00:45:00,050 programable. 1347 00:45:00,760 --> 00:45:02,499 People can be programed to run societal 1348 00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:05,649 software in places that are ideology's, 1349 00:45:05,650 --> 00:45:07,749 bodies of norms, bodies of rules or how 1350 00:45:07,750 --> 00:45:10,149 to interact, and they can structure 1351 00:45:10,150 --> 00:45:12,129 the interaction of large groups of 1352 00:45:12,130 --> 00:45:13,509 individuals. And it's not based on 1353 00:45:13,510 --> 00:45:16,059 reputation. So it can scale arbitrarily 1354 00:45:16,060 --> 00:45:17,739 as long as you can project your norms 1355 00:45:17,740 --> 00:45:18,669 efficiently. 1356 00:45:18,670 --> 00:45:20,259 And our societies used to do this via 1357 00:45:20,260 --> 00:45:21,469 mass media. 1358 00:45:21,470 --> 00:45:22,959 We can get people to be nice. 1359 00:45:25,190 --> 00:45:26,959 And this belief, assimilation, if you are 1360 00:45:26,960 --> 00:45:29,539 a nerd like me, is somewhat broken, so 1361 00:45:29,540 --> 00:45:30,859 you still try to be good, 1362 00:45:32,120 --> 00:45:34,339 but you don't feel it by empathy, what's 1363 00:45:34,340 --> 00:45:35,599 the good thing? 1364 00:45:35,600 --> 00:45:37,189 You need to do this by arguments. 1365 00:45:37,190 --> 00:45:38,509 You talk to others and you see all of 1366 00:45:38,510 --> 00:45:39,679 this. This is a good argument. 1367 00:45:39,680 --> 00:45:40,759 Yeah, this is goodness. 1368 00:45:40,760 --> 00:45:43,429 So this is what I'm willing to do. 1369 00:45:43,430 --> 00:45:45,559 But it's hard in this way for 1370 00:45:45,560 --> 00:45:47,329 us to synchronize this your nation with 1371 00:45:47,330 --> 00:45:49,189 your family unit, your social group, and 1372 00:45:49,190 --> 00:45:50,839 see this as the intrinsic good. 1373 00:45:50,840 --> 00:45:52,399 So your direction of the system that's 1374 00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:53,929 larger than yourself that you can serve 1375 00:45:53,930 --> 00:45:55,999 your group mind is going to be directed 1376 00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:58,579 on an abstract world, on a metaphysical 1377 00:45:58,580 --> 00:46:00,649 world, in a platonic world, on 1378 00:46:00,650 --> 00:46:01,729 the transcendental world. 1379 00:46:01,730 --> 00:46:03,679 And I think this is the nature of 1380 00:46:03,680 --> 00:46:05,119 transcendence. It means that your 1381 00:46:05,120 --> 00:46:06,619 meaning, your purpose, the system that 1382 00:46:06,620 --> 00:46:08,089 you are serving cannot be found in this 1383 00:46:08,090 --> 00:46:10,109 world. It's found in a platonic world. 1384 00:46:10,110 --> 00:46:12,199 And I think this is by many nerds to 1385 00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:13,219 art or science. 1386 00:46:15,170 --> 00:46:17,389 So if you make complicated patterns, 1387 00:46:17,390 --> 00:46:19,699 this is transcendental, it's a search 1388 00:46:19,700 --> 00:46:21,529 for meaning, it's pretty broken and you 1389 00:46:21,530 --> 00:46:22,530 think about it. 1390 00:46:25,740 --> 00:46:27,899 OK, I think this 1391 00:46:27,900 --> 00:46:29,499 is enough for today. 1392 00:46:29,500 --> 00:46:31,559 We have 50 minutes left so we can do some 1393 00:46:31,560 --> 00:46:32,560 Q&A 1394 00:46:33,660 --> 00:46:34,679 and I thank you very much for your 1395 00:46:34,680 --> 00:46:35,680 attention. 1396 00:46:54,950 --> 00:46:56,959 Before we begin the Q&A, just a quick 1397 00:46:56,960 --> 00:46:59,539 reminder, if you need to leave, 1398 00:46:59,540 --> 00:47:01,889 either do so now and very, very quietly, 1399 00:47:01,890 --> 00:47:03,289 you'll stay until the end of the slot 1400 00:47:03,290 --> 00:47:04,969 because you're not being sneaky as you 1401 00:47:04,970 --> 00:47:05,970 think you are. 1402 00:47:08,330 --> 00:47:09,919 As always, if you have questions, the 1403 00:47:09,920 --> 00:47:11,719 line up at the microphones, please. 1404 00:47:11,720 --> 00:47:13,339 If you're unable to get to the 1405 00:47:13,340 --> 00:47:15,619 microphones for some reason and laziness 1406 00:47:15,620 --> 00:47:17,719 does not count, just raise your hand and 1407 00:47:17,720 --> 00:47:19,339 we'll try to get a microphone to you. 1408 00:47:19,340 --> 00:47:21,379 And if you on the stream, just post your 1409 00:47:21,380 --> 00:47:23,089 questions and we will also get some 1410 00:47:23,090 --> 00:47:24,859 questions from the Internet. 1411 00:47:24,860 --> 00:47:26,899 And now let's start a microphone for 1412 00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:27,839 please. 1413 00:47:27,840 --> 00:47:29,899 Hey, um, do 1414 00:47:29,900 --> 00:47:32,539 you believe that somehow soonish 1415 00:47:32,540 --> 00:47:33,559 we are going to 1416 00:47:35,360 --> 00:47:37,699 go through a sort of social 1417 00:47:37,700 --> 00:47:39,949 enterprises where we're going to 1418 00:47:39,950 --> 00:47:42,799 become a different 1419 00:47:42,800 --> 00:47:44,149 superorganism? 1420 00:47:44,150 --> 00:47:46,249 And if yes, 1421 00:47:47,450 --> 00:47:49,609 what are the biggest challenges, 1422 00:47:49,610 --> 00:47:51,050 challenges that you see 1423 00:47:52,400 --> 00:47:53,400 in this process? 1424 00:47:54,890 --> 00:47:57,019 Well, we are already one of 1425 00:47:57,020 --> 00:47:59,209 our societies, our superorganisms, if 1426 00:47:59,210 --> 00:48:01,399 you want, but their information 1427 00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:03,589 processing is broken. 1428 00:48:03,590 --> 00:48:05,539 And I think what we need to do is we need 1429 00:48:05,540 --> 00:48:07,699 to build a nervous system 1430 00:48:07,700 --> 00:48:10,009 for humankind right 1431 00:48:10,010 --> 00:48:11,119 now than ever. 1432 00:48:11,120 --> 00:48:13,549 Academia is trying to work on topics 1433 00:48:13,550 --> 00:48:15,109 that are only veining by tools like 1434 00:48:15,110 --> 00:48:17,449 computer science. You're not going to 1435 00:48:17,450 --> 00:48:19,669 get a career in computer science 1436 00:48:19,670 --> 00:48:22,159 if you have proofs that are wrong. 1437 00:48:22,160 --> 00:48:24,229 Right. But if you 1438 00:48:24,230 --> 00:48:25,849 want to have a career in economics and 1439 00:48:25,850 --> 00:48:28,069 you make suggestions that are costing 1440 00:48:28,070 --> 00:48:30,229 somebody a billion dollars, chances are 1441 00:48:30,230 --> 00:48:31,459 that you're not going to get tenure. 1442 00:48:32,510 --> 00:48:33,979 At least they're going to be some forces 1443 00:48:33,980 --> 00:48:35,059 that oppose you. 1444 00:48:35,060 --> 00:48:37,369 And some if you 1445 00:48:37,370 --> 00:48:40,459 lie in the right way to get people 1446 00:48:40,460 --> 00:48:42,649 some money, there are some 1447 00:48:42,650 --> 00:48:44,269 forces that are going to support you. 1448 00:48:44,270 --> 00:48:46,399 And for this reason, it seems that 1449 00:48:46,400 --> 00:48:48,859 our mechanisms of creating 1450 00:48:48,860 --> 00:48:51,019 knowledge in domains that are policy 1451 00:48:51,020 --> 00:48:52,549 relevant are broken. 1452 00:48:52,550 --> 00:48:54,709 So we have difficulty in our societies to 1453 00:48:54,710 --> 00:48:56,329 find out what's actually happening on the 1454 00:48:56,330 --> 00:48:57,919 ground. We don't have very good models of 1455 00:48:57,920 --> 00:49:00,349 the economy. We have very poor models 1456 00:49:00,350 --> 00:49:02,509 of ecology and so on, and we 1457 00:49:02,510 --> 00:49:04,519 have difficulty allocating resources 1458 00:49:04,520 --> 00:49:05,599 properly. 1459 00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:07,819 So, for instance, with respect to global 1460 00:49:07,820 --> 00:49:09,559 warming, I think we would definitely need 1461 00:49:09,560 --> 00:49:11,359 to put a lot of resources into 1462 00:49:11,360 --> 00:49:12,769 postapocalyptic science 1463 00:49:14,060 --> 00:49:15,769 at this. 1464 00:49:15,770 --> 00:49:17,659 Thank you. Thank you. 1465 00:49:17,660 --> 00:49:20,209 This Titanic in front of the iceberg and 1466 00:49:20,210 --> 00:49:22,099 the iceberg is there and we put a 1467 00:49:22,100 --> 00:49:24,019 considerable amount of resources into 1468 00:49:24,020 --> 00:49:25,829 computing the last remaining dutches of 1469 00:49:25,830 --> 00:49:27,469 probability that you maybe not hit the 1470 00:49:27,470 --> 00:49:29,509 iceberg, but we all know it's somewhere 1471 00:49:29,510 --> 00:49:31,639 in the 90s percent. 1472 00:49:31,640 --> 00:49:33,769 Right. And so 1473 00:49:33,770 --> 00:49:35,119 I think it would be rational to put 1474 00:49:35,120 --> 00:49:37,489 considerable amount of resources into 1475 00:49:37,490 --> 00:49:38,689 exploring the question, what's going to 1476 00:49:38,690 --> 00:49:40,789 happen after we hit the iceberg? 1477 00:49:40,790 --> 00:49:42,320 How do we rebuild what's left? 1478 00:49:43,460 --> 00:49:46,129 And instead, most of our senses 1479 00:49:46,130 --> 00:49:48,289 that the city planning and 1480 00:49:48,290 --> 00:49:50,389 the economical planning and labor 1481 00:49:50,390 --> 00:49:51,949 market planning and so on are predicated 1482 00:49:51,950 --> 00:49:53,359 on the status quo. That everything 1483 00:49:53,360 --> 00:49:55,479 happens continues as it 1484 00:49:55,480 --> 00:49:58,129 is insane. 1485 00:49:58,130 --> 00:49:59,569 And it's because of the systemic 1486 00:49:59,570 --> 00:50:01,249 incentives that we said that the people 1487 00:50:01,250 --> 00:50:02,779 that are successful and get to the top 1488 00:50:02,780 --> 00:50:04,549 positions are those that are successful 1489 00:50:04,550 --> 00:50:06,769 in the given system, not the 1490 00:50:06,770 --> 00:50:08,179 next system. 1491 00:50:08,180 --> 00:50:09,919 So whenever a system comes under stress, 1492 00:50:09,920 --> 00:50:11,269 it's much harder to fix it. 1493 00:50:11,270 --> 00:50:12,559 We need to fix all these things and we 1494 00:50:12,560 --> 00:50:14,959 don't know how, but I think it's possible 1495 00:50:14,960 --> 00:50:15,979 to fix it at some level. 1496 00:50:15,980 --> 00:50:17,959 Our brain is not lying to itself at the 1497 00:50:17,960 --> 00:50:19,189 lowest levels. 1498 00:50:19,190 --> 00:50:21,259 So nervous systems don't lie to 1499 00:50:21,260 --> 00:50:23,299 the organism about the fact that it hurts 1500 00:50:23,300 --> 00:50:26,089 itself or not, and 1501 00:50:26,090 --> 00:50:28,159 only if it helps the organism. 1502 00:50:28,160 --> 00:50:29,989 And right now we have systems that 1503 00:50:29,990 --> 00:50:31,129 corrupt our thinking. 1504 00:50:31,130 --> 00:50:32,809 And I think we need some to think about 1505 00:50:32,810 --> 00:50:34,369 some type of new social media that 1506 00:50:34,370 --> 00:50:36,469 filters information by truth and 1507 00:50:36,470 --> 00:50:38,989 relevance instead of 1508 00:50:38,990 --> 00:50:40,070 things that are addictive. 1509 00:50:41,610 --> 00:50:43,019 So I don't know what this thing is going 1510 00:50:43,020 --> 00:50:44,519 to look like and if you manage to build 1511 00:50:44,520 --> 00:50:46,679 it in time, but I think 1512 00:50:46,680 --> 00:50:48,839 it should be possible, it's 1513 00:50:48,840 --> 00:50:49,949 probably worth thinking about. 1514 00:50:58,220 --> 00:51:00,439 Could we get a question from our global 1515 00:51:00,440 --> 00:51:01,699 nervous system, the Internet? 1516 00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:05,809 Lots of people on the Internet 1517 00:51:05,810 --> 00:51:07,579 were wondering what if this is already 1518 00:51:07,580 --> 00:51:09,559 proven and what is the stuff you're 1519 00:51:09,560 --> 00:51:10,729 inferring? 1520 00:51:10,730 --> 00:51:12,829 So they would like you to 1521 00:51:12,830 --> 00:51:15,199 provide a link collection or a glossary 1522 00:51:15,200 --> 00:51:17,479 on further reading and know a lot 1523 00:51:17,480 --> 00:51:19,969 of the stuff is already really proven 1524 00:51:19,970 --> 00:51:20,970 known to be true. 1525 00:51:23,270 --> 00:51:25,489 I think nothing of this is ever really 1526 00:51:25,490 --> 00:51:27,169 proven because there are alternative 1527 00:51:27,170 --> 00:51:29,269 views of the world, and a lot 1528 00:51:29,270 --> 00:51:31,039 of the things that I tell you are 1529 00:51:31,040 --> 00:51:33,679 speculative in the sense that 1530 00:51:33,680 --> 00:51:35,719 we don't know if the world is a discrete 1531 00:51:35,720 --> 00:51:38,329 state machine. And there are 1532 00:51:38,330 --> 00:51:40,489 some physicists that are reasonable that 1533 00:51:40,490 --> 00:51:42,289 think it's possible that it is. 1534 00:51:42,290 --> 00:51:44,299 And there are many physicists, majority 1535 00:51:44,300 --> 00:51:45,709 actually, which think it's probably 1536 00:51:45,710 --> 00:51:47,509 something else altogether and we don't 1537 00:51:47,510 --> 00:51:49,699 know. So what I'm trying 1538 00:51:49,700 --> 00:51:51,739 to show you is a particular kind of 1539 00:51:51,740 --> 00:51:53,389 rabbit, also particular school of 1540 00:51:53,390 --> 00:51:55,789 thought, which I find exciting. 1541 00:51:55,790 --> 00:51:57,919 And I just want to show 1542 00:51:57,920 --> 00:52:00,079 you a way to explore this land with 1543 00:52:00,080 --> 00:52:01,159 me. 1544 00:52:01,160 --> 00:52:03,019 So I do think that these things are true 1545 00:52:04,100 --> 00:52:05,929 or they have a good chance of being true. 1546 00:52:05,930 --> 00:52:07,819 And I will probably change my views on 1547 00:52:07,820 --> 00:52:08,900 them in the future. 1548 00:52:11,030 --> 00:52:12,079 I think that they're convincing. 1549 00:52:12,080 --> 00:52:13,080 They convince me. 1550 00:52:19,260 --> 00:52:20,699 With respect to Mayan's, I think they are 1551 00:52:20,700 --> 00:52:21,900 probably the only game in town. 1552 00:52:24,590 --> 00:52:27,139 Mike, number five, please. 1553 00:52:27,140 --> 00:52:28,939 Hello. Thanks for your talk. 1554 00:52:28,940 --> 00:52:31,589 And we're able to recognize 1555 00:52:31,590 --> 00:52:33,379 limitation, computational limits on 1556 00:52:33,380 --> 00:52:35,110 external systems like a cat 1557 00:52:36,200 --> 00:52:38,239 cat will probably never understand 1558 00:52:38,240 --> 00:52:39,240 physics. 1559 00:52:40,280 --> 00:52:42,949 But as all systems, 1560 00:52:42,950 --> 00:52:44,629 do you think that we'll ever be able to 1561 00:52:44,630 --> 00:52:47,569 recognize an upper computational limits 1562 00:52:47,570 --> 00:52:49,760 for ourselves as conscious beings? 1563 00:52:51,880 --> 00:52:53,949 Probably, and we 1564 00:52:53,950 --> 00:52:56,049 made some estimates in 1565 00:52:56,050 --> 00:52:57,969 my class and I taught a class in the 1566 00:52:57,970 --> 00:53:00,279 Media Lab last year, and so we discussed 1567 00:53:00,280 --> 00:53:02,739 about what's the computational 1568 00:53:02,740 --> 00:53:03,909 power of the human brain. 1569 00:53:03,910 --> 00:53:06,309 And then we estimated that maybe 1570 00:53:06,310 --> 00:53:08,379 we can take coding a column 1571 00:53:08,380 --> 00:53:10,959 encoded in something like three kilobytes 1572 00:53:10,960 --> 00:53:12,789 before the Attracta states and the actual 1573 00:53:12,790 --> 00:53:15,159 for connectivity that it has and 1574 00:53:15,160 --> 00:53:17,349 the function approximation 1575 00:53:17,350 --> 00:53:18,819 that you've put in there and so on. 1576 00:53:18,820 --> 00:53:20,199 And if you multiply this with the number 1577 00:53:20,200 --> 00:53:22,299 of columns and maybe you can 1578 00:53:22,300 --> 00:53:24,339 run a person on one hundred gigabytes, if 1579 00:53:24,340 --> 00:53:26,539 you only knew how long, maybe a couple 1580 00:53:26,540 --> 00:53:27,789 of hundred gigabytes, but something in 1581 00:53:27,790 --> 00:53:29,859 this ballpark and 1582 00:53:29,860 --> 00:53:31,209 it could also be a few terabytes. 1583 00:53:31,210 --> 00:53:33,159 But we don't know. 1584 00:53:33,160 --> 00:53:34,929 We also know that based on how long you 1585 00:53:34,930 --> 00:53:36,639 live, you're not going to perform more 1586 00:53:36,640 --> 00:53:38,739 than like a million concepts because 1587 00:53:38,740 --> 00:53:40,539 life is short. And even if you form a 1588 00:53:40,540 --> 00:53:42,639 couple of concepts every half hour or so, 1589 00:53:42,640 --> 00:53:44,319 you're not going to be substantially more 1590 00:53:44,320 --> 00:53:45,879 than a million concepts before we die. 1591 00:53:47,140 --> 00:53:49,419 So this gives 1592 00:53:49,420 --> 00:53:51,549 us an idea about how complex 1593 00:53:51,550 --> 00:53:52,449 our cognition is. 1594 00:53:52,450 --> 00:53:54,069 I think it's not as complex as we 1595 00:53:54,070 --> 00:53:56,019 imagined because our life is so short and 1596 00:53:56,020 --> 00:53:57,559 the amount of data that we get to see is 1597 00:53:57,560 --> 00:53:58,560 so little. 1598 00:54:01,470 --> 00:54:02,849 Mike, number one, please. 1599 00:54:04,020 --> 00:54:05,519 Hey, thank you for your talk. 1600 00:54:05,520 --> 00:54:07,619 One question arose when you were 1601 00:54:07,620 --> 00:54:08,999 talking about love. 1602 00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:11,159 How would the joy to to level 1603 00:54:11,160 --> 00:54:13,529 the joy to not conform fit 1604 00:54:13,530 --> 00:54:15,239 into your model? 1605 00:54:15,240 --> 00:54:17,189 I think that's largely because you have 1606 00:54:17,190 --> 00:54:19,289 in groups and out groups, if 1607 00:54:19,290 --> 00:54:20,789 you have an inner group or people that 1608 00:54:20,790 --> 00:54:22,919 you love, it means that you serve the 1609 00:54:22,920 --> 00:54:23,849 sacred to them. 1610 00:54:23,850 --> 00:54:25,829 You serve the system that is bigger than 1611 00:54:25,830 --> 00:54:27,929 you, that you are serving 1612 00:54:27,930 --> 00:54:29,429 because you recognize it in the other, 1613 00:54:29,430 --> 00:54:30,509 the sacred. 1614 00:54:30,510 --> 00:54:32,369 And this is at the core of love, the 1615 00:54:32,370 --> 00:54:33,389 service. 1616 00:54:33,390 --> 00:54:35,459 And of course, not everybody is serving 1617 00:54:35,460 --> 00:54:37,679 the same God. And there are others that 1618 00:54:37,680 --> 00:54:39,389 are doing things that you consider to be 1619 00:54:39,390 --> 00:54:41,969 evil or stupid, the outcome of members. 1620 00:54:41,970 --> 00:54:43,799 And if you are surrounded by group 1621 00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:45,929 members, you're going to feel 1622 00:54:45,930 --> 00:54:47,609 much better if you have ways of fighting 1623 00:54:47,610 --> 00:54:50,009 back and being mischievous 1624 00:54:50,010 --> 00:54:52,379 or being evil to them and so on 1625 00:54:52,380 --> 00:54:54,419 might be a way to fight against evil that 1626 00:54:54,420 --> 00:54:56,519 you perceive as hostile and as 1627 00:54:56,520 --> 00:54:58,250 something that is not part of your group. 1628 00:54:59,370 --> 00:55:01,649 Just the joy, the joy element 1629 00:55:01,650 --> 00:55:03,779 is not so much explained the 1630 00:55:03,780 --> 00:55:05,759 joy, but there is a benefit and 1631 00:55:05,760 --> 00:55:07,169 aggression sometimes because we are a 1632 00:55:07,170 --> 00:55:08,579 competitive species, too. 1633 00:55:08,580 --> 00:55:09,659 Not all of us are. 1634 00:55:09,660 --> 00:55:11,699 They are differences in competitiveness. 1635 00:55:11,700 --> 00:55:13,439 I think I'm not very competitive. 1636 00:55:13,440 --> 00:55:14,609 Don't get much out of this. 1637 00:55:14,610 --> 00:55:16,589 But you see that a number of people that 1638 00:55:16,590 --> 00:55:18,929 really enjoy very much winning 1639 00:55:18,930 --> 00:55:21,299 over others and there is a joy 1640 00:55:21,300 --> 00:55:23,159 in winning and breaking the other and 1641 00:55:23,160 --> 00:55:24,899 being stronger than them and destroying 1642 00:55:24,900 --> 00:55:26,639 them and taking their resources, 1643 00:55:26,640 --> 00:55:28,289 extracting the neck entropy from their 1644 00:55:28,290 --> 00:55:29,290 volume of space. 1645 00:55:30,190 --> 00:55:31,739 OK, thank you. 1646 00:55:31,740 --> 00:55:33,719 Could we get a microphone number seven, 1647 00:55:33,720 --> 00:55:34,829 please? 1648 00:55:34,830 --> 00:55:37,409 Hi, and thank you for the talk 1649 00:55:37,410 --> 00:55:39,599 about the idea that what we are 1650 00:55:39,600 --> 00:55:42,059 experiencing is not what's actually 1651 00:55:42,060 --> 00:55:44,249 out. There is something I read 1652 00:55:44,250 --> 00:55:46,349 about when reading about meditation 1653 00:55:46,350 --> 00:55:47,339 as well. 1654 00:55:47,340 --> 00:55:50,039 Have you come across this concept 1655 00:55:50,040 --> 00:55:52,229 in this context and do you maybe even 1656 00:55:52,230 --> 00:55:53,699 have experience? 1657 00:55:53,700 --> 00:55:54,079 Yes. 1658 00:55:54,080 --> 00:55:56,279 This so 1659 00:55:56,280 --> 00:55:57,929 when you meditate very deeply, when you 1660 00:55:57,930 --> 00:55:59,819 do Vipassana, for instance, you can 1661 00:55:59,820 --> 00:56:01,799 experience a state in which you detach 1662 00:56:01,800 --> 00:56:04,109 yourself from 1663 00:56:04,110 --> 00:56:06,179 your self concept and from 1664 00:56:06,180 --> 00:56:08,339 all these findings, from your body image, 1665 00:56:08,340 --> 00:56:10,799 from your perspective 1666 00:56:10,800 --> 00:56:12,569 on yourself as a person even. 1667 00:56:12,570 --> 00:56:14,669 And when you do this, 1668 00:56:14,670 --> 00:56:16,739 you can experience yourself in the third 1669 00:56:16,740 --> 00:56:18,539 person perspective. If you think about 1670 00:56:18,540 --> 00:56:20,879 yourself, it's difficult then to identify 1671 00:56:20,880 --> 00:56:23,339 with you and realize that, 1672 00:56:23,340 --> 00:56:25,319 for instance, the motives and impulse are 1673 00:56:25,320 --> 00:56:26,519 still there, but they are no longer 1674 00:56:26,520 --> 00:56:27,569 direct you. 1675 00:56:27,570 --> 00:56:28,919 They are like a ghost. 1676 00:56:28,920 --> 00:56:30,059 They're somewhere in the background. 1677 00:56:30,060 --> 00:56:32,219 Your self concept does not integrate them 1678 00:56:32,220 --> 00:56:33,509 very much. 1679 00:56:33,510 --> 00:56:35,789 And this is when you realize the thing 1680 00:56:35,790 --> 00:56:37,979 that the robot's 1681 00:56:37,980 --> 00:56:40,229 investible to realize that reality falls 1682 00:56:40,230 --> 00:56:41,879 apart and they're not really this 1683 00:56:41,880 --> 00:56:43,649 humanoid robots. There are mines that are 1684 00:56:43,650 --> 00:56:45,719 more general than what they're being 1685 00:56:45,720 --> 00:56:46,720 used for. 1686 00:56:47,610 --> 00:56:48,610 Thank you. 1687 00:56:49,020 --> 00:56:51,030 Could we get the Internet, please? 1688 00:56:53,370 --> 00:56:55,589 Yet Drasin wants to know, 1689 00:56:55,590 --> 00:56:57,959 did any of this research attempts 1690 00:56:57,960 --> 00:57:00,179 to resolve pathological brain 1691 00:57:00,180 --> 00:57:01,180 patterns? 1692 00:57:03,020 --> 00:57:04,139 All right. 1693 00:57:04,140 --> 00:57:06,359 Well, I'm not a doctor, so I'm not 1694 00:57:06,360 --> 00:57:08,009 competent in doing this. 1695 00:57:08,010 --> 00:57:10,139 But I suppose that many 1696 00:57:10,140 --> 00:57:12,569 of us, when we try to understand anything 1697 00:57:12,570 --> 00:57:14,939 in the world, we do so because 1698 00:57:14,940 --> 00:57:17,159 we think something needs to be debarked. 1699 00:57:17,160 --> 00:57:18,899 Our self concept might actually be an 1700 00:57:18,900 --> 00:57:21,359 attempt of our system to Dibakar itself. 1701 00:57:21,360 --> 00:57:23,639 So at some point, the baby 1702 00:57:23,640 --> 00:57:25,529 thinks that the world is pleasure and 1703 00:57:25,530 --> 00:57:27,179 pain and then it realizes that pleasure 1704 00:57:27,180 --> 00:57:28,739 and pain is not a feature of the world, 1705 00:57:28,740 --> 00:57:29,819 but of itself. 1706 00:57:29,820 --> 00:57:31,319 And then I realized this, that it's not a 1707 00:57:31,320 --> 00:57:32,699 direct representation. 1708 00:57:32,700 --> 00:57:34,409 For instance, you might realize that 1709 00:57:34,410 --> 00:57:36,689 you've cut yourself and it hurts 1710 00:57:36,690 --> 00:57:38,369 a lot, but it's only a very tiny cut. 1711 00:57:38,370 --> 00:57:40,109 So you need to downplay this and you 1712 00:57:40,110 --> 00:57:41,609 realize it's a signal that is very 1713 00:57:41,610 --> 00:57:43,559 strong. It's not objective reality. 1714 00:57:43,560 --> 00:57:45,809 And so you do this step by step. 1715 00:57:45,810 --> 00:57:47,009 And at some point you get to the point 1716 00:57:47,010 --> 00:57:48,629 where I realize I'm not my values, I'm 1717 00:57:48,630 --> 00:57:49,799 not this person anymore. 1718 00:57:49,800 --> 00:57:51,989 And it's a process of reverse engineering 1719 00:57:51,990 --> 00:57:54,059 where you make a model of yourself and 1720 00:57:54,060 --> 00:57:55,589 then you make a model of something. 1721 00:57:55,590 --> 00:57:57,389 It's usually because you cannot regulate 1722 00:57:57,390 --> 00:57:58,769 the disturbances with the existing 1723 00:57:58,770 --> 00:57:59,789 feedback loops. 1724 00:57:59,790 --> 00:58:00,899 So something is going wrong. 1725 00:58:00,900 --> 00:58:02,759 When you are very conscious of something, 1726 00:58:02,760 --> 00:58:04,949 it means that something in this area is 1727 00:58:04,950 --> 00:58:07,259 broken. And I suppose the nerds 1728 00:58:07,260 --> 00:58:08,519 try to understand the universe. 1729 00:58:08,520 --> 00:58:10,349 They deep down feel that the universe is 1730 00:58:10,350 --> 00:58:12,869 somehow broken. They need to debug it 1731 00:58:12,870 --> 00:58:14,819 and it probably means something is 1732 00:58:14,820 --> 00:58:16,529 actually broken. And then so as children 1733 00:58:16,530 --> 00:58:17,729 there, maybe their social interaction 1734 00:58:17,730 --> 00:58:19,559 didn't work because they were too nerdy 1735 00:58:19,560 --> 00:58:21,509 and they did meet other nerds in which 1736 00:58:21,510 --> 00:58:22,829 they could interact with their normal 1737 00:58:22,830 --> 00:58:23,879 nerd ways. 1738 00:58:23,880 --> 00:58:25,619 Instead, they were surrounded by humans 1739 00:58:25,620 --> 00:58:27,179 and they didn't know that they thought 1740 00:58:27,180 --> 00:58:28,199 they were humans. 1741 00:58:28,200 --> 00:58:30,509 And there's a lot of confusion and pain. 1742 00:58:30,510 --> 00:58:32,009 And as a result, you try to look back the 1743 00:58:32,010 --> 00:58:33,389 universe because you don't find the bug 1744 00:58:33,390 --> 00:58:34,390 in yourself. 1745 00:58:35,280 --> 00:58:37,439 So in some sense, I 1746 00:58:37,440 --> 00:58:39,929 think that I try to understand 1747 00:58:39,930 --> 00:58:41,639 my own pathologies and those of the 1748 00:58:41,640 --> 00:58:43,019 people that I love and all the other 1749 00:58:43,020 --> 00:58:44,579 people that I meet. 1750 00:58:44,580 --> 00:58:46,469 But it's more a side effect that my own 1751 00:58:46,470 --> 00:58:48,059 goal is really to understand what we are. 1752 00:58:51,310 --> 00:58:53,019 Could we get microphone number three, 1753 00:58:53,020 --> 00:58:54,020 please? 1754 00:58:54,860 --> 00:58:57,039 Uh, hi, you mentioned before and 1755 00:58:57,040 --> 00:58:58,539 corruption of data that leads to 1756 00:58:58,540 --> 00:59:00,129 instability. 1757 00:59:00,130 --> 00:59:02,259 And I wanted to point out something that 1758 00:59:02,260 --> 00:59:04,719 I think is a corruption 1759 00:59:04,720 --> 00:59:07,449 of data in your presentation. 1760 00:59:07,450 --> 00:59:09,819 You have the need for dominance 1761 00:59:09,820 --> 00:59:11,389 in one of your slides. 1762 00:59:11,390 --> 00:59:13,039 That illustration. 1763 00:59:13,040 --> 00:59:15,519 And I think that is 1764 00:59:15,520 --> 00:59:17,739 a representation of the culture 1765 00:59:17,740 --> 00:59:19,149 of dominance that also leads to 1766 00:59:19,150 --> 00:59:19,719 capitalism. 1767 00:59:19,720 --> 00:59:22,749 And capitalism isn't renewable, 1768 00:59:22,750 --> 00:59:25,359 sustainable, sustainable. 1769 00:59:25,360 --> 00:59:27,519 Um, I think that 1770 00:59:27,520 --> 00:59:29,889 a need should be replaced with a 1771 00:59:29,890 --> 00:59:32,619 need for social stability. 1772 00:59:32,620 --> 00:59:34,599 And actually, if you look at history and 1773 00:59:34,600 --> 00:59:36,879 other systems 1774 00:59:36,880 --> 00:59:39,039 in nature, you can also see that it's 1775 00:59:39,040 --> 00:59:41,199 not the culture, the 1776 00:59:41,200 --> 00:59:44,199 systems that strive for dominance 1777 00:59:44,200 --> 00:59:46,449 that stay alive, but 1778 00:59:46,450 --> 00:59:48,609 the ones that search for 1779 00:59:48,610 --> 00:59:50,319 ways to fit into the system that they 1780 00:59:50,320 --> 00:59:51,339 have at the moment. 1781 00:59:51,340 --> 00:59:53,609 That's also this need for dominance. 1782 00:59:53,610 --> 00:59:55,749 This culture is what is destroying our 1783 00:59:55,750 --> 00:59:57,039 planet at the moment. And I think that's 1784 00:59:58,120 --> 00:59:59,319 worth mentioning. 1785 00:59:59,320 --> 01:00:00,320 Mm hmm. 1786 01:00:01,060 --> 01:00:03,759 I totally share your sentiments or 1787 01:00:03,760 --> 01:00:05,769 most of my friends are basically hippies. 1788 01:00:05,770 --> 01:00:08,529 And if you have a valley full of 1789 01:00:08,530 --> 01:00:10,749 hippies that do ecological 1790 01:00:10,750 --> 01:00:13,089 farming and dance 1791 01:00:13,090 --> 01:00:15,219 and marry and 1792 01:00:15,220 --> 01:00:16,929 next village, you have a valley of 1793 01:00:16,930 --> 01:00:19,089 brigands that are vicious and strong 1794 01:00:19,090 --> 01:00:21,219 and Vikings basically that 1795 01:00:21,220 --> 01:00:23,079 are willing to pillage and so on. 1796 01:00:23,080 --> 01:00:24,080 What do you think is going to win? 1797 01:00:26,270 --> 01:00:28,609 And this means that 1798 01:00:28,610 --> 01:00:30,919 if you just let evolution run its course, 1799 01:00:30,920 --> 01:00:32,329 you will probably get something like an 1800 01:00:32,330 --> 01:00:34,429 equilibrium because you need some that 1801 01:00:34,430 --> 01:00:36,529 to farm the land and you will have 1802 01:00:36,530 --> 01:00:38,839 some that are going to attack and 1803 01:00:38,840 --> 01:00:40,399 that you need to push back the immune 1804 01:00:40,400 --> 01:00:41,669 system and so on. 1805 01:00:41,670 --> 01:00:43,789 And I think that motivation itself 1806 01:00:43,790 --> 01:00:44,899 is not adaptive. 1807 01:00:44,900 --> 01:00:47,269 Motivation is not a cultural construct. 1808 01:00:47,270 --> 01:00:48,590 Motivation is resistive. 1809 01:00:49,920 --> 01:00:51,959 Motivation is what puts up resistance to 1810 01:00:51,960 --> 01:00:53,589 the environment. This was motivation you 1811 01:00:53,590 --> 01:00:55,829 would just give into inertia 1812 01:00:55,830 --> 01:00:57,449 and this means you would stay in bed. 1813 01:00:57,450 --> 01:00:58,979 You were just brought in bed to give into 1814 01:00:58,980 --> 01:01:00,479 physics. You don't get up. 1815 01:01:00,480 --> 01:01:02,010 You would become a blob on the floor. 1816 01:01:03,150 --> 01:01:04,619 And the only reason why you're not a blob 1817 01:01:04,620 --> 01:01:05,789 on the floor is because you have 1818 01:01:05,790 --> 01:01:07,379 motivation, something that makes you push 1819 01:01:07,380 --> 01:01:08,879 yourself up in the morning and brush your 1820 01:01:08,880 --> 01:01:11,039 teeth and have breakfast 1821 01:01:11,040 --> 01:01:13,349 and shower and have sex and all these 1822 01:01:13,350 --> 01:01:15,809 terrible things that we do ourselves 1823 01:01:15,810 --> 01:01:17,969 because we get pleasure and we do them 1824 01:01:17,970 --> 01:01:19,949 in pain and we don't do them. 1825 01:01:19,950 --> 01:01:22,259 And as a lot of people that 1826 01:01:22,260 --> 01:01:24,899 feel this urge to be dominant 1827 01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:26,489 and they get pleasure out of being 1828 01:01:26,490 --> 01:01:28,709 dominant and 1829 01:01:28,710 --> 01:01:30,509 some others don't very much. 1830 01:01:30,510 --> 01:01:32,639 And we can change as a culture as how we 1831 01:01:32,640 --> 01:01:33,929 value this, I think. 1832 01:01:33,930 --> 01:01:35,819 So we can have an influence by saying 1833 01:01:35,820 --> 01:01:37,199 this is a desirable behavior. 1834 01:01:37,200 --> 01:01:38,639 This is why we want to interact. 1835 01:01:38,640 --> 01:01:40,109 And this behavior that if you don't want 1836 01:01:40,110 --> 01:01:42,329 to have and this means that different 1837 01:01:42,330 --> 01:01:43,799 types of people are going to get in 1838 01:01:43,800 --> 01:01:44,909 different positions in different 1839 01:01:44,910 --> 01:01:46,199 societies. 1840 01:01:46,200 --> 01:01:47,369 That's my current perspective. 1841 01:01:47,370 --> 01:01:48,749 It might be wrong, of course. 1842 01:01:48,750 --> 01:01:50,939 I think that hunger, thirst, curiosity 1843 01:01:50,940 --> 01:01:52,799 and sexual reality. 1844 01:01:52,800 --> 01:01:54,869 I'm sorry. Get up at the wrong time. 1845 01:01:54,870 --> 01:01:55,979 We don't need attackers. 1846 01:01:58,190 --> 01:02:00,440 OK, please give a warm round of applause.